Laser-assisted oral surgery system

ABSTRACT

Periodontal disorders such as disorders associated with a dental implant are treated. An average power for a laser is selected via a user interface on a tablet, along with a set of permissible laser parameters provided in response to the selected average power. A gingival trough or flap is created around the implant with the laser. Infected tissue is selectively ablated or denatured via photothermolysis, and a pocket is lased around the affected implant. Marginal tissues are compressed against the implant.

PRIORITY CLAIM AND INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/940,126 filed Nov. 12, 2015 and entitled Laser-Assisted Periodontics.This application incorporates by reference, in its entirety and for allpurposes, the disclosure of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/940,126.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates to laser-assisted oral surgery andperiodontal procedures, and more particularly relates to laser assisteddental procedures utilizing a dynamic user interface.

BACKGROUND

In the field of dentistry, it is common to use a laser to perform dentalprocedures such as ablation. By using a laser to perform such functionsinstead of, for example, mechanical tools, it is ordinarily possible toreduce the occurrence of complications and to improve therapeuticoutcomes.

SUMMARY

Peri-implant infection and inflammation and periodontal diseases arecaused by certain types of bacteria in plaque and calculus(concrements). These bacteria create toxins which irritate the gums,cause deep pockets, and result in a breakdown of the attachment of boneto implants. Over time, these toxins can destroy gum tissues, andallowing the infection to progress, can result in bone loss.Accordingly, there is a need for a minimally invasive surgical methodfor the removal of a deep pocket, elimination of disease, reattachmentof the gingiva to the implant surface and re-osseointegration of theimplant.

Therefore, according to one example embodiment described herein, dentaldisorders associated with a dental implant are treated. An average powerfor a laser is selected via a user interface on a display, along with aset of permissible laser parameters provided in response to the selectedaverage power. A gingival trough or flap is created around the implantwith the laser. Infected tissue is selectively ablated or denatured viaselective photothermolysis, and a pocket is lased around the affectedimplant. Corrosion products are removed, and steps are performed tocreate and maintain angiogenesis. Marginal tissues are compressedagainst the implant and occlusal interferences are removed.

By virtue of this arrangement, it is ordinarily possible to treatmucositis and peri-implantitis while reducing peri-implant pocketdefects, by establishing a new connective tissue attachment to theimplant at, or near, the coronal level, and re-osseointegration of theimplant.

According to an example embodiment described herein, a laser-assistedperiodontal device includes a laser head and a controller, and thecontroller performs the steps of accepting a dosimetry amount via a userinterface on a display device, and controlling the laser head to applydosimetry in accordance with the dosimetry amount. The display devicedisplays when a predetermined portion of dosimetry has been applied.

According to another example embodiment described herein, a method forlaser treatment includes controlling a laser-assisted periodontal deviceincluding a laser head and a controller to perform steps includingaccepting a dosimetry amount via a user interface on a display device,and applying dosimetry in accordance with the dosimetry amount.

According to one aspect, a selection of an average power for a laser isreceived via a user interface on a display device, and a set ofpermissible laser parameters is provided to the display device and laserhead in response to the selected average power. The laser head iscontrolled in accordance with the laser parameters to create a gingivaltrough or flap around an implant, ablate or denature infected tissue viaselective photothermolysis, and lase a pocket around the infectedtissue.

According to another example aspect, there is an acceptance from a setof permissible laser parameters via a user interface on a displaydevice, and in a case that there is a selection to override analready-fixed parameter, the controller calculates changes to otherparameters in the set to fit a new value of the overridden parameter.

According to still another example aspect, a selection is received froma set of permissible laser parameters via a user interface on a displaydevice, and a user can fix one parameter and view permissible values ofother parameters based on the fixed parameter.

According to yet another aspect, a change to a fiber diameter on thelaser head is detected, and laser parameters are changed in accordancewith the changed fiber diameter.

According to another example aspect, a method for control of alaser-assisted periodontal device includes selecting from a set ofpermissible laser procedures via a user interface on a display device.The set of permissible procedures corresponds to a level of trainingstored in the display device for a user, and the selected procedure isperformed with the laser-assisted periodontal device.

According to yet another example aspect, data associated with thetreatment is transmitted to a data appliance, and a treatmentrecommendation is received from the data appliance based on thetransmitted data.

According to another example aspect, a running total of the energyapplied by the laser head is transmitted to a display device.

According to still another example aspect, a selection of a tooth orimplant or group of teeth or implants is received via a user interfaceon a display device, and data associated with operation of the laserhead and the selected tooth or implant or group of teeth or implants isstored based on the selection on the user interface. In another aspect,the selection is of an implant or a group of implants via the userinterface on the display device.

According to another example aspect, a selection of a time interval, apatient, or a treatment site is received via a user interface on adisplay device, and data associated with operation of the laser head isstored based on the selection on the user interface.

According to still another example aspect, the laser head includes abendable fiber.

According to another example aspect, the laser-assisted periodontaldevice is a laser periodontal, peri-implant, periodontitis,peri-implantitis, gingivitis, mucositis treatment device.

According to one example aspect, creating a gingival trough or flaparound an implant includes creating a circumferential and radial softtissue, gingival, or mucosal trough or flap around a titanium, titaniumalloy, ceramic, cobalt-chromium alloy, or stainless steel endosseousroot-form oral implant that may be cylindrical, tapered, threaded,coated, smooth, textured, perforated, solid, or hollow.

According to still another example aspect, ablating or denaturing theinfected tissue includes ablating or denaturing inflamed, infected,erythematous, edematous, hyperplastic, ulcerated, degenerated, bleeding,suppurative, or sloughing periodontal or peri-implant soft tissue,including sulcular epithelium, junctional epithelium, and keratinizedtissue, via selective photothermolysis.

According to yet another example aspect, there is control to perform astep of circumferentially and radially irradiating surfaces of theimplant to denature or ablate bioactive bacterial products includinglipopolysaccharide endotoxins.

According to another example aspect, the lasing includes lasingcircumferentially and radially to remove corrosion by-products oftitanium oral implants, including corroded soluble debris, metal oxides,particulate debris, and metal ions resulting from metal dissolutionwithin diseased soft tissues. In still another aspect, the lasingincludes circumferentially and radially irradiating the titanium implantsurfaces and threads to denature or ablate bioactive bacterial productsincluding lipopolysaccharide endotoxins.

This brief summary has been provided so that the nature of thisdisclosure may be understood quickly. A more complete understanding canbe obtained by reference to the following detailed description and tothe attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a representative view of an environment in which aspects ofexample embodiments may be practiced.

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram depicting the internal architectureof the hardware shown in FIG. 1 .

FIGS. 3A and 3B are a detailed block diagram of a main laser computerand a laser head assembly according to an example embodiment.

FIG. 4 is a detailed block diagram of a display control subsystem in theform of a tablet according to an example embodiment.

FIG. 5 is a representative view of hardware of a laser delivery systemaccording to an example embodiment.

FIGS. 6A to 6J are views for explaining a communication protocolaccording to an example environment.

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram for explaining a laser-assistedperi-implantitis procedure according to an example embodiment.

FIGS. 8 to 67 are views for explaining a graphical user interface (GUI)according to example embodiments.

FIG. 68 is a section of a gingival tissue prior to the administration ofa laser-assisted peri-implantitis procedure according to an exampleembodiment.

FIG. 69 is a section of the same gingival tissue as in FIG. 68 showingthe position of surgical tissue severing according to an exampleembodiment.

FIG. 70 is a section of the same gingival tissue as in FIG. 68 aftercompletion of a laser-assisted peri-implantitis procedure according toan example embodiment.

FIG. 71 is a view for explaining a relational database for storingpatient and user data according to an example embodiment.

FIG. 72 is a view for explaining a footswitch for operating a laseraccording to an example embodiment.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a representative view of an environment in which aspects ofexample embodiments may be practiced.

In particular, FIG. 1 depicts an example environment in which a dentist101 (or another clinician) inputs touch commands on a displayed GUI of adisplay control subsystem 400, which in an example embodiment herein isa tablet 400. The commands are transmitted to a main laser computer 300and/or a laser delivery system 103 in order to control laser deliverysystem 103. In the context of FIG. 1 , tablet 400 is used to controllaser delivery system 103, which is held by dentist 101, to performlaser therapy on a patient 102. In that regard, laser delivery system103 is also referred to as “laser 103” below for conciseness, or as“handpiece 103” below for differentiation from other hardware associatedwith the laser. Feedback data and other responses may be transmittedfrom main laser computer 300 and/or laser 103 back to tablet 400, anddisplayed on the GUI. These processes will be described more fullybelow.

In that regard, while a tablet is shown in FIG. 1 , it should beunderstood that the display control subsystem may in other embodimentsbe implemented by numerous other types of devices to view the GUI andcommunicate with main laser computer 300. More generally, a displaycontrol subsystem according to this disclosure, of which a tablet ismerely an example, includes at least a display, an input for acceptinguser input, a processor or processing independent of that of main lasercomputer 300, a communication interface to laser computer 300, andstorage capability. The display and the input are preferably combinedinto a touch-sensitive display.

For example, it should be understood that computing equipment or devicesfor implementing a display control subsystem and practicing aspects ofthe present disclosure can be implemented in a variety of embodiments,such as a laptop, mobile phone, ultra-mobile computer, portable mediaplayer, game console, personal device assistant (PDA), netbook, orset-top box, among many others. In still another example, the device forcommunicating with main laser computer 300 might be attached to orcommunicatively coupled physically in a common housing with main lasercomputer 300.

For conciseness in the description that follows, the display controlsubsystem will hereinafter be referred to as simply a “tablet”.

Main laser computer 300 contains hardware and/or software forcontrolling laser 103 via a wired or wireless interface. For example,main laser computer 300 may be a free-standing computing deviceincluding a hard disk and one or more processors dedicated to control oflaser 103.

Laser 103 is a handheld laser for performing laser therapy includinglaser dentistry (e.g., ablation of bacteria in gum tissue, reducingcontamination on dental implants). For example, laser 103 mightcorrespond to a “PerioLase® MVP-7™”, manufactured by Millennium DentalTechnologies, Inc. In that regard, the PerioLase® MVP-7™ is a 6-Watt FR(Free Running) Nd:YAG (Neodymium:Yttrium Aluminum Garnet) laser withfeatures necessary to perform soft tissue procedures, and includesoperator-selectable pulse durations from, e.g., 100 to 650 microseconds(μsec) to allow optimum ablation and hemostasis.

Hardware Elements

FIG. 2 is a simplified block diagram depicting the internal architectureof the hardware shown in FIG. 1 .

In particular, as shown in FIG. 2 , tablet 400 includes centralprocessing unit (CPU) 201, memory 202, I/O unit 203 and network unit204.

Central Processing Unit (CPU) 201 is a computer processor such as asingle core or multi-core central processing unit or micro-processingunit (MPU), which is constructed to realize the functionality describedbelow. CPU 201 might comprise multiple computer processors which areconstructed to work together to realize such functionality. CPU 201executes a computer-executable program (sometimes referred to ascomputer-executable instructions or computer-executable code) to performsome or all of the above-described functions.

Memory 202 may be any of a wide variety of tangible storage deviceswhich are constructed to retrievably store data, including, for example,any of a flexible disk (floppy disk), a hard disk, an optical disk, amagneto-optical disk, a compact disc (CD), a digital versatile disc(DVD), micro-drive, a read-only memory (ROM), random-access memory(RAM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electronicallyerasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), dynamic random-accessmemory (DRAM), video RAM (VRAM), a magnetic tape or card, optical card,nanosystem, molecular memory integrated circuit, redundant array ofindependent disks (RAID), a nonvolatile memory card, a flash memorydevice, a storage of distributed computing systems and the like. Memory202 is constructed to store computer-readable information, such ascomputer-executable process steps or a computer-executable program forcausing CPU 201 to communicate inputs on tablet 400 to main lasercomputer 300 and/or laser 103 and to receive and display data, asdescribed more fully below.

I/O unit 203 includes hardware and/or software for interfacing tablet400 with other devices or a user, such as receiving input andtransmitting or displaying output. In the context of tablet 400, I/Ounit 203 might include hardware and software for, e.g., recognizing atouch input on the face of tablet 400 (or other input via hardware ontablet 400 such as a pressable button or voice input), and fordisplaying output to a user via a display on tablet 400. For example,I/O unit 203 might control display of a GUI, as described more fullybelow with respect to FIG. 3 .

Network unit 204 includes hardware and/or software for communicatingwith other devices across a wired or wireless network (not shown). Asshown in FIG. 2 , network unit 204 communicates with correspondingnetwork unit 273 at laser 103, and network unit 253 at main lasercomputer 300. For example, network unit 204 may communicate controlcommands to network unit 253 at main laser computer 300, and may receivefeedback from network unit 273 at laser 103. Of course, communication isnot limited to the devices shown in FIG. 2 , and network unit 204 may beused to transmit various data across various networks. In that regard,the implementation, scale and hardware of the network may vary accordingto different embodiments. Thus, for example, the network could be theInternet, a Local Area Network (LAN), Wide Area Network (WAN),Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), or Personal Area Network (PAN), amongothers. The network can be wired or wireless, and can be implemented,for example, as an Optical fiber, Ethernet, or Wireless LAN network. Inaddition, the network topology may vary.

As shown in FIG. 2 , main laser computer 300 includes CPU 251, memory252, network unit 253, and I/O unit 254, and laser 103 includes CPU 271,memory 272, and network unit 273. In that regard, the general nature ofthese elements corresponds to the description above of similar elementsin tablet 400, and for purposes of conciseness will not be repeatedagain. Nevertheless, it should be understood that each element (e.g.,memory, CPU) would be tailored to the corresponding device. Thus, forexample, CPU 251 in main laser computer 300 might execute programs toimplement functionality for receiving input from tablet 400 andtransmitting commands to laser 103, whereas CPU 271 in laser 103 mightexecute programs to implement functionality for emitting a laser beamand recording feedback.

Laser 103 also includes laser 274, which is hardware for performinglaser therapy as described above.

FIG. 3 is a detailed block diagram of a main laser computer and a laserhead assembly according to an example embodiment.

In particular, as shown in FIG. 3 , a main laser computer 300 includes abus 315, a Galaxy Interface Box™ (GIB) 301, a processor 302, RAM 303, anelectronically alterable read-only memory (EAROM) or other memoryfunctioning as a storage 304, an interlock/key switch 305, a stop switch306, a power supply 307, a distributor bus 308, a high energy storage309, an insulated-gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) switch 310, adigital/analog (D/A) switchboard 311, an analog/digital (A/D) interfaceboard 312, a Molectron (calibration target) 313 and a footswitch 314.Meanwhile, a laser head assembly includes laser head 315, feedbacksensor 316, smart connector 317, laser delivery system 103, flow sensor318, thermistor temperature sensor 319, heat exchanger 320, and pump321.

As a general matter, main laser computer 300 directs energy pulseshaving energy into laser delivery system 103. Thus, electrical energy(electrons) is converted into laser energy (photons). The laser pulse(and therefore energy supplied) may vary based on a pulse duration (inμs), an amount of instantaneous energy (in mJ), or a pulse repetitionrate (in Hz), each independently selectable under software control ofmain laser computer 300, as described more fully below. The control tovary the pulse is important from a therapeutic perspective, as differentdurations, energies and the like may be beneficial under differentcircumstances or during different treatments. Under control of the mainlaser computer 300, IGBT 310 switches capacitance and inductance inorder to store pulses. As far as the laser head, the use of a Nd:YAGlaser is acceptable. Thus, an Nd:YAG crystal (not shown) sends out aseries of pulses, directed through lenses, to a bendable optical fiberin laser delivery system 103. Fibers with different diameters can beused to, for example, specialize for certain procedures, althoughparameters must be recalculated to ensure that they are withinacceptable limits after a fiber is switched. In order to cause the mainlaser computer 300 to create pulses, it is directed by a user interfaceon tablet 400, as described in more detail below.

Standby Mode

In standby mode, the controller sets the mains relay, capacitor boardrelay, simmer circuitry, and an aiming beam off. The user can selectparameters at the control panel, but the footswitch will not activatethe laser.

Ready Mode

When the ready button is pressed, and if no faults are present,processor 302 closes an on-board relay which powers the pump and themains relay. The capacitor relay is still open, so the capacitor is notcharged. The aiming beam is turned on after two seconds.

Firing Mode

When the footswitch is pressed in ready mode, the system enters firingmode. Processor 302 closes a second on-board relay, which provides 12Vto the simmer circuitry and the capacitor relay control. Within 250 ms,the capacitor has charged and the lamp is lit. Processor 302 then fireslaser pulses at the parameters set on the control panel. Processor 302stores the lamp current required for each energy level in non-volatilememory, and uses this current again when that energy is next selected.During firing, the current is continually adjusted to match the measuredlaser energy to the selected energy. A calibration factor, set duringcalibration procedures, provides the conversion. When the footswitch isreleased, the laser stops firing. The lamp remains lit for a shortperiod, however, to allow rapid tapping of the footswitch withoutfrequent lamp starts. After a period of inactivity, the system returnsto standby.

In one example, when the 12V power supply comes on, processor 302 powersup and performs system tests, does a display lamp test for 2 seconds,displays the software version number, and enters the standby mode.

Thus, main laser computer 300 produces pulsed Nd:YAG laser output from afiber-optic delivery system. Laser parameters are set by the user on atouch screen 408 (see FIG. 4 ) on tablet 400, and output is actuated byfootswitch 314.

Processor 302 is a computer processor such as a single core ormulti-core central processing unit or micro-processing unit (MPU), whichis constructed to realize the functionality described below. Processor302 might comprise multiple computer processors which are constructed towork together to realize such functionality. Processor 302 executes acomputer-executable program (sometimes referred to ascomputer-executable instructions or computer-executable code) to performsome or all of the above-described functions. Processor 302 manages thegeneral operation of main laser computer 300, including controls anddisplays, the cooling system, the laser electronics, the laser energyfeedback, interlocks and sensors, and retrieving or saving data. In thatregard, processor 302 executes data stored in a memory, e.g., RAM 303,in order to perform required functions. In some cases, processor 302might comprise a single core or multi-core central processing unit (CPU)or micro-processing unit (MPU). In one example, processor 302 comprisesa BL4S210 single-board computer.

RAM 303 is random-access memory which allows data items to be read andwritten in approximately the same amount of time, regardless of theorder in which data items are accessed. In addition to serving astemporary storage and working space for the operating system andapplications, RAM is used in numerous other ways, which for purposes ofconciseness are not described here in further detail.

In one example, communication from the tablet is via a USB interface,whereas main laser computer 300 uses an RS485 interface. To that end,GIB 301 is a Galaxy Interface Box™ for converting between USB and RS485.In particular, GIB 301 may include a USB hub so that tablet 400 canbecome a client and charge, i.e., a “kiosk mode” in which the hub allowsfast data while also charging. In one example, GIB 301 includes a 9600baud serial interface and is bidirectional, and charges itself from aregulated power supply via distribution bus 308.

In one brief example, upon pressure of a footswitch 314, power isdirected from A/D interface board 312 to D/A switchboard 311 to IGBTswitch 310 to high energy storage 309 to laser head 315. Thus, D/Aswitchboard 311 powers IGBT switch 310.

Bus 315 is a communication system that transfers data between componentsinside main laser computer 300. In that regard, the internal structureof bus 315 may vary.

In one example, D/A switchboard 311 provides lamp start and simmerfunctions, and converts low voltage controller signals to isolated IGBTsignals. To start the lamp, 12V is applied to the input of a DC-to-DCconverter, which applies a voltage (e.g., 1100 V) across the lamp. Atthe same time, 300 V pulses are applied to the trigger transformerprimary, generating 15 kV pulses to start the lamp. Once the lamp islit, simmer current is drawn from the pulse capacitor, and is ballastedby a bank of external simmer resistors. The lamp pulse current is set bya serial signal from processor 302, which controls the output of aserial digital-to-analog converter (DAC). The actual lamp current ismonitored by a shunt resistor, and compared to the DAC output. Switchingcircuits modulate the IGBT 310 to set the current. The pulse width isset by a gating signal from the processor 302, which does not passthrough the interface board.

In one example embodiment, laser head assembly 350 contains the pumpchamber with flashlamp, Nd:YAG rod, and trigger transformer; lasercavity optics, an energy monitor, a fiber lens cell, and a diode laseraiming beam. All are supported by an aluminum and graphite/epoxyresonator structure. The flashlamp output is absorbed by the Nd ions inthe YAG rod, and provides the gain which supports laser oscillation. Thelaser pulse shape closely matches the lamp electrical pulse, except forsome smoothing caused by the fluorescent lifetime of the gain medium.The energy monitor contains a beam sampler, which splits off 4% of theoutput beam. This sampled beam is spatially integrated by a pair of opaldiffusers, then converted to electrical current by a reverse-biasedgermanium PIN photodiode. Circuitry on the energy monitor board convertsthis current into a stream of digital pulses, which are counted by thecontroller. After subtraction of a background count, the total number ofpulses is proportional to the laser energy.

High energy storage 309 is a high-energy power supply, i.e., is astorage device configured to store a relatively large amount of energy,and is switched by IGBT switch 310. The amount of energy supplied may bedependent on a switchable mode and/or input via independently selectableparameters, e.g., duration (in μs), an amount of instantaneous energy(in mJ), or a pulse repetition rate (in Hz). The switch between themodes/parameters above (e.g., between different modes corresponding todifferent amounts of energy or between different laser parameters suchas duration and instantaneous energy) may be digital. In one example,energy for the laser flashlamp is stored in a pulse capacitor. Thecapacitor is charged to 600 V through a step-up toroidal transformerpowered from the mains relay, and a bridge rectifier on the capacitorboard. The capacitor board also contains a high voltage solid staterelay, which controls the charge timing and regulates the voltage.

Molectron 313 is a hardware power meter which acts as a calibrationtarget. In particular, a user can aim the laser at the window ofMolectron 313, and see if the laser is performing as requested. Forexample, Molectron 313 measures the output power, and verifies whetherthe average power requested or expected from a set of parameters is whatis actually being output by the laser. To that end, Molectron 313 isconnected to A/D interface board 312, which routes the measuredpower/information back to the main laser computer 300, specificallyprocessor 302. Firmware in Molectron 313 may support such a calibrationmode and provide feedback to the user via a GUI on the tablet.Calibration in Molectron 313 works in tandem with feedback sensor 316 inlaser head assembly 350, which detects the flow of energy through thelaser head. In one example, ordered pairs/sets of parameters may bestored as calibration factors/best fits for an input value, e.g.,average power.

A/D interface board 312 collects and converts (if necessary) variousanalog values, and transmits information corresponding thereto toprocessor 302. For example, as shown in FIG. 3 , A/D interface boardcollects data from Molectron 313, flow sensor 318, thermistortemperature sensor 319, smart connector 317, interlock/key switch 305,and footswitch 314. Accordingly, A/D interface board 312 measures, e.g.,power, cooling and other housekeeping data, and processor 302 caninquire with A/D interface board 312 (or A/D interface board 312 maypush information thereto) in order to verify that the laser isperforming within specifications.

Thus, A/D interface board 312 monitors and receives analog or digitalsignals from various parts of the main laser computer 300 and laser headassembly 350, converts the information to digital data, and forwards thedigital data on for processing (e.g., to processor 302). In one exampleembodiment, the only digital communication between the system and A/Dinterface board 312 is via the D/A switchboard 311. Put another way, A/Dinterface board 312 is responsible for taking in analog inputs andconverting them to digital information, but the D/A switchboard 311 actsas a messenger to forward that information from A/D interface board 312to other components in main laser computer 300. Accordingly, in such anexample embodiment, A/D interface board 312 does not directlycommunicate with other components such as processor 302.

Footswitch 314 is a physical pedal or other foot-actuated hardware whichsends a signal upon being pressed, such as a signal indicating to firethe laser. Of course, the physical element for activating the laser isnot limited to a footswitch, and other hardware elements and control arepossible. Footswitch 314 is connected to A/D interface board 312 inorder to transmit signals to the main laser computer 300.

Interlock key switch 305 is the physical connection to an external mainpower supply (e.g., via a plug), and is connected to stop switch 306.Together, these elements perform line filtering, as well as acting as atwo-step fail-safe for providing or cutting power, and are connected topower supply 307.

Power supply 307 is a regulated power supply, and acts as an embeddedcircuit to input unregulated energy into a stable power supply, e.g., astable voltage or current within set limits. In one example, AC mainsenters at the back panel, and is fused and filtered. The front panel keyswitch controls AC input to the 12V power supply, which powers thecontroller and all low voltage components.

Distribution bus 308 fans power out to elements of main laser computer300 as needed. To that end, distribution bus includes a 5V output and a12V output, among others as necessary. For example, parallel circuitsallow distribution bus 308 to transmit power to high energy storage 309.

IGBT switch (“IGBT”) 310 is a solid-state switch which acts as anamplifier of signals from D/A switchboard 311. In one example, IGBT 310is essentially a large transistor, acting as an amplifier. D/Aswitchboard 311 acts together with the IGBT to control high energystorage 309 to drive the laser head assembly 350. The laser may need to“simmer” prior to usage, in which a certain lower amount of power isused to get the laser ready for firing. In one example, the shape of thecurrent pulse is controlled by the IGBT 310 and a smoothing inductor.The IGBT 310 allows control of both the amplitude and width of thepulse.

EAROM 304 for main laser computer 300 stores firmware programs forcontrolling the operation of main laser computer 300, as well as datacorresponding thereto. In one example embodiment, a softwarearchitecture stored in EAROM 304 includes a real-time operating system(RTOS) based on dynamic C programming (e.g., version 9.62), a monitoringmodule, an initialization/startup module (such as for controlling a“simmer” mode for warming up the laser), a firing module for controllingfiring of the laser, and a communication module for performing, e.g.,RS485 communication to D/A switchboard 311 (for internal communications)and to GIB 301 (for external communications). EAROM 304 also storescalibration factors and calibration values in a persistent manner, andcan return appropriate signals for the IGBT 310 and A/D interface board312 in accordance with requested signal parameters. EAROM 304 may alsostore permissible values or a “permissible therapeutic window” whichincludes combinations of laser parameter values. Examples can be seen inU.S. Publication No. 2003/0108078. EAROM 304 may also store otherhousekeeping information, such as a serial number of the laser.

In the laser head assembly 350, a cooling system includes flow sensor318, thermistor temperature sensor 319, and heat exchanger 320. Coolingincludes both primary and secondary systems. The primary system mayinclude distilled water conduction (flow) through the laser head 315,and a secondary system may use forced convection (a fan). Flow detectionsensor 318 issues an analog signal indicating whether the amount of flowthrough the laser head is acceptable or not, and interfaces to A/Dinterface board 312. Heat exchanger 320 is a forced convection heatexchange, e.g., a small control loop for the fan which monitorstemperature through thermistor temperature sensor 319, transfers heat asnecessary, and reports temperature to A/D interface board 312.

In one example, the cooling system consists of a 12V brushless DC pump,a heat exchanger, a 12V brushless DC temperature-sensing fan, a flowswitch, a thermistor sensor, and connecting corrugated Teflon tubing.The coolant is approximately 400 ml of de-ionized or distilled water.The fan is powered directly from the 12V supply, but includestemperature sensing circuits to monitor the coolant temperature. If thecoolant reaches 40.degree. C., the fan speed increases gradually. Thecontroller board contains a relay which drives the pump 321. Thecontroller also monitors the coolant temperature via the thermistor.

Smart connector 317 is connected to laser head 315, laser deliverysystem 103 and A/D interface board 312, and acts to transfer informationsuch as analog feedback to A/D interface board 312 (which is thenconverted to digital information for processor 302), as well as todetect certain conditions on its own. For example, smart connector 317can detect the fiber diameter in laser delivery system 103, and thenrelay this information to main laser computer 300 or tablet 400. Asmentioned above, parameters must be recalculated to ensure that they arewithin acceptable limits after a fiber is switched. Error codes may betransmitted from smart connector in accordance with a mismatch betweenfiber and parameters, or in accordance with any other conditions thatare out of specification. A non-limiting example of error codes isdescribed below with respect to FIG. 15 .

In one aspect, analog feedback from smart connector 317 to A/D interfaceboard 312 may be sent via near-field communication (NFC),radio-frequency identification (RFID) transmissions, and the like. Forexample, analog feedback may be sent to confirm the laser fiber diameterif the user has changed the fiber, but wants to keep the same powerdensity, as well as to confirm that the laser parameters meet safetyrequirements.

Feedback sensor 316 detects the flow of energy through laser head 315,and tells processor 302 the status of the laser, including parameterssuch as, e.g., average power. Feedback sensor may also be configured totransmit an error message to stop the laser, as a fail-safe for when thelaser appears to be operating incorrectly.

FIG. 4 is a detailed block diagram of a tablet according to an exampleembodiment.

As shown in FIG. 4 , tablet 400 includes bus 413, Bluetooth unit 401connecting to pdf element 425, printer 426 and data appliance 427, WiFiunit 402, near-field communication (NFC) unit 403, camera 404,nonparametric statistical process control (NSPC) unit 405, speaker 406,microphone 407, touch screen 408, USB 409, RANI 410, non-volatile memory411 and processor 412.

Generally, tablet 400 may run on a Linux/Unix-based Operating System(OS). For example, tablet 400 may be an Android™ tablet running OSversion 4.2.2. Of course, numerous other variations on hardware andsoftware are possible.

According to one embodiment, default safeguards are modified oreliminated to allow for direct calls to the OS (e.g., from main lasercomputer 300), thereby allowing the tablet 400 to be used as aneffective control system. In another example, variants of Linux allowingsuch calls may be used.

The main functionality of tablet 400 covers a variety of aspects. In oneaspect, functionality is computational, such as receiving calls to arelational database in non-volatile memory 411, e.g., recording data fora particular patient or user, including a location of the mouth andobservations related thereto, as well as computing a new set of laserparameters in accordance with a user request on touch screen 408 tochange a different parameter, and forwarding such parameters to mainlaser computer 300 for verification. In another aspect, tablet 400functions as a communication medium between a user and main lasercomputer 300, and performs functions such as transmitting data to andfrom main laser computer 300, including commands, feedback, error codes,and input laser parameters.

Insofar as the GUI is concerned, it should be understood that variousdisplay and control arrangements are possible. In addition, numerousaspects of different GUI screens and controls will be described morefully below with respect to FIGS. 8 to 67 .

Nevertheless, for purposes of clarity, an example embodiment will bedescribed which includes four main “control surfaces” on the displayedGUI which can be switched between using, e.g., a “swipe” on touch screen408.

First, a “home screen” provides main command and control functionality,including control of patient management and of main functionality of thelaser. For example, the home screen allows a user to view informationconcerning a patient selected from a patient management surface(described below), to select and vary clinical laser parameters, toselect a quadrant of the mouth, tooth or implant, or tooth or implantgroup for treatment, and the like. In addition, the home screen allowsfor monitoring and control of the laser itself. For example, the homescreen may display “standby”, “ready” or “FIRE” as the status of thelaser, in accordance with the operation of the laser in response to apress of footswitch 314.

In one example aspect, when the footswitch 314 is actuated, informationincluding the patient, tooth, etc. selected or displayed on the tabletGUI is saved to non-volatile memory 411 in the tablet, along with arunning total of energy, pulses, parameters, dosimetry and the like forthe period in which the footswitch is held, and an editable name for thecurrent treatment period, e.g., “First Pass On Bicuspid”.

In one example embodiment, the recorded data may be used to recommendnew laser parameters. For example, treatment feedback may be fed to adata apparatus, and may be used to calculate new recommended laserparameters for the current patient and procedure.

In another example, a manual power measurement mode may allow for laserdata to be saved without being tied to a patient. For example, if athreshold energy is reached, recording may stop and measurement of powermay begin, even if the user is not currently using Molectron 313.

Second, a “patient management screen” allows for access and display ofinformation from a database of up to thousands of patients or more, aswell as providing manipulation of such information, such as adding,deleting, or selecting a patient.

In one example, information about a patient is displayed (e.g., name, IDnumber, dental history), along with, e.g., dental records or linksthereto. Thus, the patient management screen can integrate electronicdental records, as required in some instances by Federal law. Forexample, the patient management screen can provide digital reports in aHIPAA-compliant manner, which can be readily integrated with patientdata files. In that regard, additional security measures may preventunauthorized persons from offloading the information gathered.

Third, a “procedures control surface” allows for selection and controlof laser procedures, and may include, for example, a table with presetlaser parameters (e.g., in sets or “triplets” comprising threeparameters) for sample procedures, as shown more fully below.

In one aspect, the procedures control surface is used to providetraining procedures for users such as a dentist and clinician. Forexample, a user may log into the home screen, after which the GUIdepicts information about the currently logged-in dentist or other user,such as name, ID number, and, for example, an indication of training orcertification and what corresponding service modes are available. Inthat regard, the term “dentist” is used here for purposes ofconciseness, but it should be understood that “clinician” and the likecould also be used. In addition, service modes may allow, e.g.,operation of the laser at fixed current and pulse width, whilemonitoring the internal energy monitor, and changing a calibrationfactor, to match the laser output to an external power meter testing ofthe capacitor charge, whereas another service mode might allow testingof lamp start and simmer circuits, setting of the initial lamp current,and display of the coolant temperature. Yet another service mode mightrestore default parameters, display energy monitor counts, or the like.

The procedures control surface may provide advanced features andcapabilities for control of laser as user training and certificationpermit. Thus, in one example, procedures control surface allows fortraining, in which additional features or options are made availableonly after the user has completed a training course. For example, whilea control box may be shown for selection of one feature set, anotherfeature set may be displayed with a lock icon indicating that thefeature set is currently unavailable (e.g., because of insufficienttraining). The procedures control surface may also display iconsindicating levels of training which have been completed.

In one embodiment, a database (e.g., SQL) or table stores acorrespondence between each user and authorized procedures andcorresponding laser parameters. For example, a value of 0, 1, or 2 maybe assigned for a user for certain procedures, with 0 indicating thatthe user can see the procedure but not use it, a 1 indicating that theuser has access to that procedure/parameters and can use them, and a 2indicating that the user can see, use, and even overwrite the parametersfor a given procedure. In that regard, the corresponding GUI may be moresimple than the stored table values. In addition, controls such asoverriding parameters for a procedure may require transfer to the homescreen (with or without a corresponding warning), since the home screengoverns more basic controls.

In a real-world example, controls on the procedures control surface canbe integrated with a training program from, e.g., the Institute forAdvanced Laser Dentistry (IALD). The IALD is an American DentalAssociation Continuing Education Recognition Program (ADA CERP®)Recognized Provider that administers a CE training program that includesa standard proficiency course along with four days of hands-on,live-patient clinical instruction to ensure success by thepractitioners.

Thus, features in the procedures control surface can be synthesized fromimpactful portions of the IALD training continuum. Accordingly, theprocedures control surface can be designed to reflect the training,rather than altering training to fit a device design.

In one example, the procedures control surface is configured so that theclinician who is in the midst of completing his/her training will haveaccess to only the features of the laser for the LANAP® and LAPIP™protocols that they have learned at that point in training, commensuratewith their level of clinical proficiency as certified by the IALD. Inaddition, these clinicians will also learn additional value-addedprocedures (VAPs™) based on their level of training. In one example, aunique password is issued to each dentist at the completion of eachlevel of training, which reveals the features that are appropriate. Forexample, in the context of IALD certifications, clinicians might receivenew passwords after they complete Laser BootCamp®, after they completeEvolution 4™ and after they complete Evolution 5™. With such control ofaccess to laser control, the IALD can give LANAP®-clinicians-in-trainingthe access to only what they have learned. This will increase safety ofLANAP® patients, and will guide the clinicians toward techniques andtherapeutic settings, encouraging them to use only the techniques thatthey have mastered up to that point.

In addition to the above, the procedures screen may also display a lightdose chart, showing an amount of laser dosimetry over time, as well as aline indicating the maximum dosage allowed for that tissue/procedure.For example, the procedures screen may, using information from thepatient records, determine a disease being treated and a dosageadministered thus far, and display a “max” line on a graph, with adosage line which increases in real time toward the maximum as furtherlaser dosage is applied.

An “Admin” maintenance/settings screen may allow for generalhousekeeping and maintenance control, such as setting a time zone ordate, adjusting display settings such as selecting between a simplifiedand more complex display, control icons, and the like.

In one example, the tablet GUI may show which combinations of laserparameters (e.g., duration (in μs), an amount of instantaneous energy(in mJ), or a pulse repetition rate (in Hz) as discussed above) areallowed and/or within safe limits. Put another way, the tablet GUI mayuse rules to keep parameters within specified therapeutic “windows”, andprevent control of parameter values outside such windows. For example, auser or administrator might be able to unlock a locked parameter (e.g.,instantaneous energy), but the system may force the other two parametersto safe boundaries in accordance with the newly selected instantaneousenergy, and display information as such to the user.

Such control may be enforced from main laser computer 300, and thentransmitted to the tablet 400 to display on the GUI. In another example,having received a recalculation of a locked (or unlocked) parameter,tablet 400 may perform a recalculation of other parameters at its end,and then transmit the new parameters to main laser computer 300 forvalidation or refusal (e.g., as indicated by an error message,grayed-out parameter values, etc.). Generally, main laser computer 300will not send an illogical choice of parameters to the laser, whereasthe tablet will not allow selection of an illogical combination at theuser end on the display. The tablet 400 may store default combinationsof parameters.

Turning to the hardware of tablet 400, in one example, RAM 410 israndom-access memory which allows data items to be read and written inapproximately the same amount of time, regardless of the order in whichdata items are accessed. In addition to serving as temporary storage andworking space for the operating system and applications, RAM is used innumerous other ways, which for purposes of conciseness are not describedhere in further detail.

Bluetooth 401, WiFi 402 and NFC 403 variously act as wireless networkunits for wirelessly interfacing with main laser computer 300 or otherdevices, whereas USB 409 acts as a physical connection to other devices.Bluetooth 401 is hardware/software for exchanging data over shortdistances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the Industrial,Scientific and Medical (ISM) bands from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed andmobile devices, WiFi 402 is hardware/software for local area wirelesscommunications, and NFC 403 is hardware/software for NFC-protocol-basedradio communication with nearby devices or elements.

In some examples, these units interface with a data appliance 427, shownin FIG. 4 . Data appliance 427 is, e.g., a physically and electronicallysecure data server with hardwired digital electronic interfaces andwireless digital electronic interfaces. Data appliance 427 may act as amore secure storage for data such as patient records, including HIPAAreports. In some cases, the tablet 400 may first transmit such data todata appliance 427 using Bluetooth, which then offloads the data toanother computer such as a PC (not shown). Such a transfer can also betwo-way, in that information such as recommendations can be transmittedback to the tablet, with treatment progress and recommendationsre-synchronized again with the PC after new treatment, etc. In somecases, WiFi may be used to transmit data from the tablet if, under thecircumstances, it is more secure (or HIPAA compliant).

Camera 404 is an optical instrument for recording images, which may bestored locally, transmitted to another location, or both. The images maybe individual still photographs or sequences of images constitutingvideos or movies.

NSPC 405 is hardware/software for monitoring and controlling processesin tablet 400 to ensure that it operates at or near its full potential.Speaker 406 is an electromechanical element which produces sound.Microphone (“Mic”) 407 is an acoustic-to-electric transducer or sensorthat converts sound into an electrical signal.

Touch screen 408 is a hardware/software input device normally layered onthe top of an electronic visual display, by which user can give input orcontrol the information processing system through simple or multi-touchgestures by touching the screen with a special stylus/pen and/or one ormore fingers. As described above, touch screen 408 displays several GUIsand controls, along with various data.

USB 409 is a connector for communicating via the Universal Serial Busprotocol, and in particular, is used to communicate from tablet 400 tomain laser computer 300 via GIB 301.

Non-volatile memory 411 is computer memory that can retrieve storedinformation even after having been power-cycled. Examples ofnon-volatile memory include read-only memory, flash memory,ferroelectric RAM (F-RAM), most types of magnetic computer storagedevices (e.g. hard disks, floppy disks, and magnetic tape), and opticaldiscs.

Processor 412 is a computer processor such as a single core ormulti-core central processing unit or micro-processing unit (MPU), whichis constructed to realize the functionality described below. CPU 201might comprise multiple computer processors which are constructed towork together to realize such functionality. CPU 201 executes acomputer-executable program (sometimes referred to ascomputer-executable instructions or computer-executable code) to performsome or all of the above-described functions.

FIG. 5 is a view for explaining a laser delivery system 103 with abendable cannula 502 containing a bendable laser fiber according to anexample embodiment. The laser delivery system 103 is held by the dentist(or clinician, etc.), and is the physical implement used to administerlaser energy to a patient through the bendable cannula 502. As shown inFIG. 5 , the bendable cannula 502 can bend up to 90.degree., whichallows for better access to parts of the mouth which might otherwise beobscured or difficult to reach. Thus, according to one exampleembodiment, a laser delivery angle may be adjusted.

Communications Protocol

FIG. 6A and FIG. 6B are views for explaining the protocol fortransferring data between tablet 400 and main laser computer 300 via,e.g., GIB 301. Of course, it should be understood that this arrangementis merely an example, and other arrangements and data combinations arepossible.

In one example, tablet 400 issues command packets over the USB/RS485communications link via GIB 301, and expects an appropriate reply packetto be returned by main laser computer 300 as slave device. Allcommunications are initiated by the GIB 301 and GIB 301 performs atiming check to make sure the tablet 400 is periodically communicating.In the event that the tablet 400 stops communicating with main lasercomputer 300 for a predetermined period of time, e.g. a couple ofseconds, main laser computer 300 will drop out of any active mode andreturn to the standby mode. This prevents the system from being operatedwithout tablet 400 attached and communicating. In this context thetablet 400 is essentially the user interface controlled by the operatorand the main laser computer 300, and specifically processor 302 is theembedded controller that handles the laser power control and theoperator footswitch.

The communications packets include a 16-bit cyclic redundancy check(CRC) to prevent badly formed packets or packets containing bit errorsfrom being used to set laser operating modes and operating powersetpoints. In one example, upon start-up, tablet 400 sets a status mode,packet position 5 to 14, requesting a long word response from the mainlaser computer 300 to determine a firmware revision. Tablet 400communicates with main laser computer 300 periodically. In one example,the period is 4 Hz.

Communication between tablet 400 and main laser computer 300 (alsoreferred to as PerioLase® Main Controller or PerioLase® Main Computer)comprises serial communication, and is converted between USB and RS485using GIB 301. As shown in FIG. 6A, a communication 601 from theprocessor in tablet 400 to the main laser computer 300 may comprise apacket with 13 bytes: a one-byte address (which can, e.g., always be 0or 0x00 for a master in a master-slave communication), a one-byte packetlength (e.g., the packet length to follow, which might always be 11, or0x0B), a one-byte pulse width (e.g., an index into pulse widthselections such as “0-6”, or 0x00-0x06), a one-byte energy inmillijoules such as the energy expended during a footswitch period(e.g., an index into energy selections 0-25 or 0x00-0x19), a one-bytefrequency in Hz (e.g., an index into pulse rate selections such as“0-10”, or 0x00-0x0A), a mode (e.g., standby/ready/service), otherone-byte parameters (generically referred to here as “Parameter 1” and“Parameter 2”), a one-byte aiming beam intensity (e.g., an intensitysetting value from 0-5), a one-byte tube start current (e.g., an startcurrent value from 10-80, and a default value of 15), a one-bytecalibration factor value (e.g., 0-99) used to scale and display averagepower, and two cyclic redundancy check (CRC) bytes. Such a packet mightbe sent, for example, every time the laser mode changes from “standby”to “ready”, i.e., when the user is ready to take action.

A short response 602 from main laser computer 300 to tablet 400 might be17 bytes: a one-byte address (which can, e.g., always be 1 or 0x01 for aslave in the master-slave communication), a one-byte packet length tofollow (e.g., always 17 or 0x11 for this reply structure), a one-bytepulse width (e.g., an index into pulse width selections such as “0-6”,or 0x00-0x06), a one-byte energy in millijoules (e.g., an index intoenergy selections 0-25 or 0x00-0x19), a one-byte frequency in Hz (e.g.,an index into pulse rate selections such as “0-10”, or 0x00-0x0A), aone-byte status code for an operating mode (e.g., an operating mode suchas 0-6, 10, 11 or 15, described below), a one-byte error mode (or errormode code, discussed above, which may be, e.g., an error code such as 15when in an error mode), two bytes of Molectron reading outputs (e.g.,two values, in analog-to-digital converter (ADC) counts 0-10000, 0-10volts), two bytes of joule count energy meter reading values (e.g., twoenergy monitor per pulse average values in mJ), two calibration factorbytes for energy meter calibration factors (two values, e.g., from0-99), four bytes of total energy delivered (e.g., the total mJdelivered at all pulse widths), and two CRC bytes.

In one example, the Molectron reading contains a temperature sensorreading in Service Mode 2. Moreover, in one example, an energy monitorvalue incorporates the calibration factor to convert energy meter pulsesto mJ, and readings greater than 2*a mJ setpoint result in an errorcode. For example, the calibration factor value 0-99 gets an offset of50 added to it to produce 50-149, and the energy monitorvalue=pulses*200/Calibration Factor (50-149). In still another example,the total energy delivered values get cleared in the status mode after areply.

A longer response 603 from main laser computer 300 to tablet 400 mightinclude additional bytes indicating firmware (major and minor) and afirmware build and values representing an energy array which indicatesthe total running energy (joules) so far during one footswitch press.These response packets might be sent at start-up, or in case of an errorcode, or at another timing.

For example, as shown in FIG. 6C, response 603 might include a one-byteaddress (e.g., always 1 for Slave (0x01)), a one-byte packet length tofollow (e.g., always 34 (0x22) for this reply structure), a one-bytestatus/operating mode (e.g., which might always be a value such as 14for this reply structure), a one-byte firmware major value indicatingthe firmware version major number and a one-byte firmware minor valueindicating the firmware version minor number, a one-byte firmware buildvalue indicating the firmware version build number, and two CRC bytes.Moreover, as shown in FIG. 6C, response 603 might include 14 bytes oftotal energy values delivered at various pulse widths. These values maybe cleared after a reply.

FIG. 6D shows example pulse width selections which may range from, forexample, 100 μsec to 650 μsec, along with corresponding indexes. FIG. 6Edepicts example modes (e.g. those included in short response 602) whichmay include standby, ready, laser on, and the like. FIG. 6F depictsexample indexes and corresponding energy selections (in mJ). FIGS. 6Gand 6H depict example parameter 1 and parameter 2 values, respectively,and may store, for example, calibration currents or calibration factorsin a service mode. FIG. 61 depicts example error code values, and FIG.6J depicts example pulse rate selections and corresponding indexes.

It should be understood that the foregoing are merely examples of dataand data formatting according to the communication protocol, and thatvarious other data elements and arrangements are possible.

Peri-Implantitis Procedure

FIG. 7 is a flow diagram for explaining a LAPIP™ Procedure according toan example embodiment.

Peri-implant infection and inflammation and periodontal and peri-implantdiseases are caused by certain types of bacteria in plaque and calculus(concrements). These bacteria create toxins which irritate the gums andresult in a breakdown of the attachment of the bone to the implants.Over time, these toxins can destroy gum tissues, and allowing theinfection to progress can result in bone loss. There are many forms ofperiodontal and peri-implant diseases, the most common types beinggingivitis and peri-implant mucositis, and periodontitis andperi-implantitis. Gingivitis and peri-implant mucositis are the earlieststage, and affect only the gum tissue. At this stage, the diseases arestill reversible.

If not treated, however, these diseases may lead to more severeconditions called periodontitis and related peri-implantitis. The gums,bone and other structures that support the teeth and implants becomedamaged. Teeth and implants can become loose and may have to be removed.At this stage, the disease may require more complex treatment to preventtooth and implant loss. With healthy gingiva (gum tissue), the teeth andimplants are firmly anchored in bone. Gingivitis and peri-implantmucositis develop as toxins in plaque irritate the gums, making themred, tender, swollen and likely to bleed easily. Periodontitis andperi-implantitis occur when toxins destroy the tissues and bone. Gumsbecome detached from the implants, forming pockets that fill with moreplaque. Advanced periodontitis and peri-implantitis are present when theteeth and implants lose the supporting bone. Unless treated, theaffected tooth and implant frequently become loose and may fall out.

The method of treatment of periodontal diseases depends upon the type ofdisease and how far the condition has progressed. Conventionally, thefirst step is usually a thorough cleaning which may include scaling toremove plaque and calculus deposits beneath the gum line. Surgery may berequired when deeper pockets, usually over 4 to 6 mm, are found. It isdifficult for the dentist or hygienist to thoroughly remove plaque andcalculus from deep pockets. Patients can seldom keep them clean and freeof plaque. Allowing pockets to remain may invite infection and bonedestruction. When pockets are deep and bone has been destroyed, flapsurgery may be necessary to provide access to the surfaces of the toothroots or implants in order to thoroughly remove calculus, plaque and anydiseased tissue, and to recontour the bone to a more favorablearchitecture. In this technique, the gum is lifted away and is thensutured back into place or into a new position that will be easier tokeep clean. Conventionally, surgical debridement of the tooth root orimplant surface and the removal of granulation and granulomatous tissueare performed following the resection of the soft tissue flap. Aestheticmodifications of this approach have been reported under the title ofopen flap curettage, reverse bevel flap surgery, Widman flap surgery andmodifications of Widman flap surgery, apically positioned flap osseoussurgery, and guided tissue regeneration.

Nevertheless, conventional methods do not appear to provide anappropriate minimally invasive surgical method for the reduction of thedeep pocket, elimination of disease, reattachment of the gingiva to thetooth root or implant surface and re-osseointegration of the implant.

Therefore, an example embodiment for addressing these concerns will nowbe described, with respect to FIG. 7 .

Briefly, in FIG. 7 , peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis aretreated. Reducing early, shallow and deep bony pockets provides forremoval of diseased tissue, peri-implant pathogens, pathologic proteins,calculus and other concrements on the implant surface, and corrosiveby-products of metal implant degradation. This provides for regrowth,regeneration, and re-integration of new bone to the implant fixture.Notwithstanding the above, it should be noted that not all implants aremade of titanium (e.g., ceramic), and the process may apply to suchother types. The process includes creating a gingival trough or flaparound the implant with a contact laser fiber (after first removing theprosthetic crown if possible), and selectively ablating or denaturingthe infected and inflamed pocket epithelium via selectivephotothermolysis. The process further includes vaporizing or denaturingthe inner marginal gum tissues and pocket epithelium and granulomatoustissue fully around the targeted implant to the accessible depth of thedefect without breaking through the soft tissue attachment apparatusabove the depth of the bony defect, ultrasonic debridement of theimplant surfaces, transitioning to the full depth of the bony defect viablunt dissection through any soft tissue attachment and perforating intothe bony defect, modifying the bone through osteoplasty and/or ostectomybelow the level of the mucoperiosteum as needed, creating angiogenesis,lasing the pocket to disinfect and decontaminate the soft and hardtissues and implant, assisting in hemostasis, cauterizing free nerveendings, sealing lymphatics, preparing the coronal soft tissue forapproximation against the implant, and compressing the soft marginaltissues against the implant until blood flow has ceased, adhesion isachieved, and a stabilized fibrin clot has formed. In one example,elimination of traumatic occlusal forces is typically achieved byremoval of the implant retained restoration or occlusal adjustment ifremoval is not an option.

By virtue of this arrangement, it is ordinarily possible to treatperi-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis peri-implant pocket defectsby establishing a new connective tissue attachment to the implant at, ornear, the coronal level. Moreover, the inflamed pocket epithelium isselectively separated via photothermolysis, ordinarily withoutsubstantially removing any connective tissue.

The procedure may be indicated when, for example, there is amoderate-to-deep probed pocket depth of five mm or greater, as measuredfrom the coronal aspect of the tissues to the extent of the probablepocket, or when there is the presence of bony defects, or when there isinfection in the gingival tissue, notably presence of bleeding and/orsuppuration, or mobility of the implant or teeth or implants proximateto the implant, or other aesthetic considerations.

In more detail, in step 701, patient and dentist (clinician) data isloaded into tablet 400. For example, a dentist may enter logincredentials into a GUI to identify his/herself, and may further enter anID number, name, or other identification information to load datacorresponding to a patient.

In step 702, tablet controls are enabled, corresponding to the dentistdata. As mentioned above, a GUI on tablet 400 may be configured suchthat the dentist who is in the midst of completing his/her training willhave access to only the features of the main laser computer 300/laser103 for the LANAP® and LAPIP™ protocols that he/she learned at thatpoint in training, commensurate with the dentist's level of clinicalproficiency.

At this point, a number of preliminary procedural steps may beperformed. For example, gingival tissue of a patient corresponding to atargeted implant can be anesthetized.

In that regard, a topically placed anesthetic is used to anesthetize thearea. In one example, the dentist may begin with 4% Prilocaine Plain™,using a 30-gauge needle. This anesthetic is perceived by the patient aspainless, due to its unique ability to anesthetize soft tissue withoutstinging. The anesthetic is injected very slowly into the area, allowingseveral minutes for the Prilocaine Plain™ to take effect. The dentistmay then continue using a 30-gauge needle, and follow this procedurewith a suitable longer-acting anesthetic. However, an exception would bemade if health reasons caused the anesthetic to be contraindicated. Thearea of concern usually involves one to three implant fixtures, andcould be combined in conjunction with the LANAP® Protocol treatment oftwo quadrants, or alternatively, one arch, either upper or lower.Anesthesia is routinely used in every procedure, in order to: aid inbone-sounding (discussed below) for accurate measurement of the fulldepth of the diseased pocket and bony defects; allow aggressivedebridement of soft and hard tissues around the surfaces of the implant;allow the patient to be as comfortable as possible during the treatment,thereby minimizing the patient's endogenous adrenaline production, andin turn achieve the optimal therapy results; maximize the doctor'sability to concentrate on the procedure; and optimize the use ofultrasonic probes at frequencies between one hertz and fifty thousandhertz.

As another preliminary step, bone sounding and pocket depth measurementcan be performed using a periodontal probe, recording the depths of allbony defects in the soft tissue around the implant, from an uppergingival margin to the extent of the accessible bony defect. In oneexample, pocket depths can be recorded with a periodontal probe with sixareas recorded around each implant. This will allow a determination ofthe full depth of the diseased pocket. The dentist uses the sum total ofall 6 probe depths/bone soundings and multiplies that number by 4 tocompute a “light dose” of 4/Joules per millimeter pocket depth. (Forexample: 6 probe depths of 10 mm each=60 mm total.times.4=240 Joules oftotal light dose.) The summation number of the probe depth representsthe TOTAL Joules to be delivered. The total light dose is applied ⅔rdsduring the 1st Step of laser application in LAPIP™ Ablation, while theremaining ⅓ of the energy is delivered during the 2nd laser applicationin the LAPIP™ Hemostasis setting. (In the example above, 160 Joules aredelivered during the LANAP® Ablation Step, and 80 Joules are deliveredduring the LAPIP™ Hemostasis Step). Thus, a light dose computation ismade in conjunction with the surgical treatment.

In one example, defect measurements (mm pocket depth) are provided totablet 400 for computation and recommendation of light dose, and arestored by patient name and implant location at data appliance 427. Inone embodiment, the defect measurements are gathered by interfacing withelectronic medical (dental) record systems where the defect measurementshave been previously recorded, such as data appliance 427. In oneexample, the light dose recommendations are further modulated (adjusted)based on examples of the physical characteristics of the tissue(phenotypes) presented visually on the tablet 400 and selected by theclinician to indicate the tissue characteristics presented by thepatient. These phenotype selections can be used to compute therecommended light dose in the tablet 400.

In step 703, ablation is performed. In this regard, ablation of the freegingival margin with the laser energy removes pathogens and pathologicproteins within the tissue of the free margin, which otherwise would notbe removable, whereas lasing the implant surface (step 705) is used to,e.g., remove only granulomatous tissue, intentionally leaving thedisinfected granulation tissue in place, and to disinfect, assist inhemostasis, cauterize free nerve endings, and seal lymphatics of thepocket tissue surface.

Thus, using laser delivery system 103, there is ablating, denaturing andvaporizing of an interior diseased epithelial lining of the pocket, tothe soft tissue extent of the pocket on all sides of the implant, toprepare a new connective tissue surface. In one example, ablating,denaturing and vaporizing is completed with not more than 6.00 Watts ofaverage output power from the laser, as measured at the distal end of alaser fiber, and with a lasing frequency of not more than 100 Hz.

Laser delivery system 103, such as manufactured by Millennium DentalTechnologies, Inc., for their model number “PerioLase® MVP-7™” operatingat a wavelength in the near-infrared of, e.g., 1000 to 2000 nanometers,is used to create the initial trough or flap at the marginal gingivausing between, e.g., one and six Watts of average fiber output power(measured at the distal end of the fiber), and frequencies between oneand one hundred hertz. A contact laser fiber (e.g., the fiber in cannula502) with a fiber diameter of between 200 (microns) and 1000 (microns)can be used, in an orientation parallel to the surface of the implant,to create a gingival trough or flap by ablating the free gingival marginand the internal diseased epithelial lining of the pocket, thus exposingthe implant surface and removing all internal epithelial lining from theperi-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis pocket.

An appropriately cleaved contact laser fiber is used for the precisecontrol of the laser energy, the physical placement of the laser energy,and the determination of the desired orientation of the laser to thetissue desired to be removed. Orientation parallel to the surface of theimplant defines the direction of the laser fiber for the proper initialtissue ablation. The implant surface is then exposed for viewing by agingival trough or flap.

Ablation of the free gingival margin with the laser energy removespathogens and pathologic proteins within the tissue of the free margin,which otherwise would not be removable. Lasing the implant surfacedestroys the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria.Additionally, this procedure provides hemostasis for bettervisualization, and further defines the tissue margins precedingpiezo-electric instrumentation. The integrity of the mucosa is alsopreserved by releasing tissue tension around the implant prior tomechanical manipulation, thereby dissecting the separation between thefree gingival margin and the fibrous collagen matrix, which holds thegingiva in position. Maintenance of the crest of the gingival margin isaided in that the healing of the fibrous collagen matrix will maintainthe gingival crest at, or apical to, the presurgical level.

By use of the “hot-tip” effect (accumulated tissue proteins heated viaconductivity secondary to the passage of laser energy through thefiber), the dentist may continue to excise the inner pocket epitheliumaround the entire implant to the depth of the probed reading, but notusing the laser or the optical fiber to break through the mucogingivaljunction. This effect provides the selective removal of sulcular, pocketepithelium and granulomatous tissues without removing any substantialconnective fibrous tissue and does so circumferentially and radially. Asnecessary, the dentist may remove the excised tissue that accumulates onthe tip of the laser fiber.

Using the quartz optical fiber oriented less than 30 degrees to theimplant surface, the clinician may lase the implant surface to destroylipopolysaccharides (LPS). Greater than 30 degrees risks the possibilitythat the Nd:YAG laser pulse may interact with the surface of theimplant. A few pulses of Nd:YAG laser energy are not injurious to aterminal, ailing or failing implant as long as the irradiation isimmediately discontinued so that heat does not accumulate within theimplant. The nature of a quartz optical “bare” fiber is such that it hasa 27-degree beam divergence. Therefore, even parallel to the implantsurface, the Nd:YAG laser radiation can reach the surface by“side-firing” scatter.

Thus, there is separation of the inner pocket diseased epithelium aroundthe entire implant to a depth equal to an initial probe reading of theinner pocket, followed by an ultrasonic scaling of fixture surfaces andblunt dissection of any soft tissue adhesions or attachments through tothe bony defect.

In step 704, cleaning is performed with, e.g., an ultrasonic handpiece,along with further cleaning by laser delivery system 103. In particular,the implant surface is cleaned of all foreign matter, to the full depthof the pocket on all sides of the implant from crestal margin to bonybase. For example, the dentist may use an ultrasonic handpiece toultrasonically scale all implant surfaces to the depth of the pocket,with the intent to remove all foreign structures and substances from theimplant surface (including calculus and cement), thereby allowingadhesion of the lased soft tissue to the clean implant surface. Bonemodification, as appropriate with osteotomy and/or ostectomy, may beundertaken. Then, using laser delivery system 103, between one and sixWatts of laser fiber output power and a frequency between one hertz andone hundred hertz may be used in the deep periodontal pockets foroptimal bacterial destruction without causing bacterial injection intothe periodontal tissues. This will minimize the occurrence of softtissue cellulitis.

In step 705, lasing is performed with laser delivery system 103, toremove only granulomatous tissue, intentionally leaving the disinfectedgranulation tissue in place, and to disinfect, assist in hemostasis,cauterize free nerve endings, and seal lymphatics of the pocket tissuesurface, and to prepare the pocket tissue surface for adhesion. Laserdelivery system 103 may also be used to stop blood flow as needed.

Therefore, as described above, the procedure further includes cleaningand lasing of the pocket in preparation for soft tissue adhesion.

In one example, the ablating, vaporizing, and lasing are completed witha laser fiber oriented parallel to the surface of the implant. In afurther example, the laser fiber diameter is between, e.g.,approximately 200 and 1000 microns.

In one specific example, although the disclosure is not hereby limited,laser delivery system 103 might comprise a FiberFlex™ 360-microndiameter quartz optical fiber fed through a handpiece such as ananodized aluminum TrueFlex® handpiece and annealed stainless steelcannula. The dentist activates the laser to intentionally irradiate thebone at the base of the bony defect in the 6 separate pocket depthmeasurement locations to initiate hemostasis from the medullary bone,stimulate and upregulate the release of growth factors (e.g., IGF-I andIGF-II, TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, BMP-2), stimulate and upregulatefibroblasts and stem cells, warm the blood in the pocket tothermolytically cleave fibrinogen thereby converting the blood intofibrin (thrombin catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin), thebody's first connective tissue, create a stable fibrin clot, and tocreate angiogenesis (new vascularization); to remove and/or denature anyremaining, residual granulomatous tissue, and inflamed, infected anddiseased epithelial lining, intentionally leaving granulation tissue inplace (stems cells, capillaries, fibroblasts), but disinfected; and to,e.g., cauterize free nerve endings and seal lymphatics of the pockettissue surface, and to prepare the pocket tissue surface for adhesion.

Following the lasing, a number of follow-up steps may be performed. Inparticular, the pocket may be irrigated with a bactericidal solution,occlusal interferences may be eliminated, and the pocket tissue may alsobe lased, to adapt the pocket tissue surface for tissue adhesion. In oneexample, all implant treatment sites are irrigated to the deepest depthof the periodontal pockets with a bactericidal solution of a high tissuesubstantivity (e.g., chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12%). The irrigation aidsthe laser in the reduction of bacteria in the pocket and in removingdebris. In one example, a high-speed handpiece for occlusal adjustmentis used to eliminate occlusal prematurities and interferences. In someinstances, an occlusal splint may be necessary when trauma-inducedperiodontal disease is manifest, i.e., occlusal trauma in the absence orpresence of bacteria-induced periodontal disease. The splint is designedto provide anterior guidance, e.g., a “QuickSplint®”, or anterior “jig”.

The pocket tissue surface can be approximated with the implant surfaceand the pocket tissue surface can be maintained in contact with theimplant surface to advance adhesion. In addition, the process caninclude applying firm pressure to hold the pocket tissue surface incontact with the implant surface for one to three minutes, allowing athin clot to form between the pocket tissue surface and the implantsurface. Put another way, the tissues should be compressed with firmpressure for one to three minutes against the implant from both a facialand lingual direction, permitting only a thin clot to form between thetissue and the implant.

In addition, follow-up steps can include prescribing medications foroutpatient use in preventing infection, providing at least onesubsequent occlusal equilibration examination, and enhancing thepatient's natural immune system (e.g., through medication) to protectagainst infection and reduce inflammation.

In step 706, the patient and dentist data is updated to reflect theperformance and outcome of the procedure.

The procedure can be categorized as a Surgical Flap Procedure and“Laser-Assisted Regeneration”, with limited or complete occlusaladjustment. In some examples, a time of 20 minutes is reasonable totreat a single implant fixture if crown removal is not involved. Assuggested above, treatment can be followed by a coronalpolishing/prophylaxis and an occlusal equilibration follow-up and apostoperative check of the area treated.

Thus, as described above, the laser-assisted periodontal device is alaser periodontal, peri-implant, periodontitis, peri-implantitis,gingivitis, mucositis treatment device.

According to one example aspect, creating a gingival trough or flaparound an implant includes creating a circumferential and radial softtissue, gingival, or mucosal trough or flap around a titanium, titaniumalloy, ceramic, cobalt-chromium alloy, or stainless steel endosseousroot-form oral implant that may be cylindrical, tapered, threaded,coated, smooth, textured, perforated, solid, or hollow.

According to still another example aspect, ablating or denaturing theinfected tissue comprises ablating or denaturing inflamed, infected,erythematous, edematous, hyperplastic, ulcerated, degenerated, bleeding,suppurative, or sloughing periodontal or peri-implant soft tissue,including sulcular epithelium, junctional epithelium, and keratinizedtissue, via selective photothermolysis.

According to yet another example aspect, there is control to perform astep of circumferentially and radially irradiating surfaces of theimplant to denature or ablate bioactive bacterial products includinglipopolysaccharide endotoxins.

According to another example aspect, the lasing includes lasingcircumferentially and radially to remove corrosion by-products oftitanium oral implants, including corroded soluble debris, metal oxides,particulate debris, and metal ions resulting from metal dissolutionwithin diseased soft tissues. In still another aspect, the lasingincludes circumferentially and radially irradiating the titanium implantsurfaces and threads to denature or ablate lipopolysaccharideendotoxins.

Graphical User Interface

FIGS. 8 to 67 are views for explaining a graphical user interface (GUI)according to example embodiments.

In that regard, FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 depict screens associated with astart-up procedure.

In one example start-up procedure, a main breaker switch (not shown),which is at the rear of main laser computer 300, should be in the OFF(◯) position. A key is inserted and left in the OFF or vertical position(|) and a power cord is plugged into 120 VAC main power and to the rearof the main laser computer 300. Footswitch 314, fiber cannula 502, andan interlock plug (not shown) are manually connected. In one exampleembodiment, a wireless footswitch 314 may not have a cable connectorattached like a standard footswitch. If so equipped, the wirelessfootswitch 314 can be activated using, e.g., a selector toggle switch onthe back of the main laser computer 300 that indicates WIRELESS.

In the example start-up procedure, tablet 400 is powered on by pressingand holding a tablet power button on the upper left side of the tablet400, until a start-up image 801 (shown in FIG. 8 ) begins to appear andtablet 400 initiates a boot-up process. At this time, main lasercomputer 300's main breaker (rear) can be turned to ON (|).

The main laser computer 300 splash screen 901, shown in FIG. 9 , mayautomatically appear. A key switch can be turned to the horizontal (-)position, and a loading icon may momentarily appear at the upper rightof the screen. The procedure then proceeds to a LOGIN screen 1001, shownin FIG. 10 . As can be seen in FIG. 10 , LOGIN screen 1001 includes alogin window 1002 for a user to enter a username and password (e.g., asshown below), as well as a keyboard 1003 by which to enter thisinformation. In one example, a user may select a username bar with afinger on touch screen 408, and keyboard 1003 may appear at that time.The user then uses keyboard 1003 to enter username and password. Afterthat, the user may select the LOGIN button on login window 1002 tosubmit the information for verification. After a logout or switch usersprocedure, the LOGIN screen 1001 can be displayed again.

In one embodiment, the login credentials for the user may fall into fourmain categories: “Clinician” (e.g., a dentist or other user of themachine), “demo” (e.g., a demonstration mode for showing features of theproduct), “BootCamp” (a training mode in which user rights are limited),and a “service” mode for maintenance and other administrativeprocedures. Example usernames, password attributes, and rights for eachare as follows:

LOGIN CREDENTIALS USERNAME PASSWORD RIGHTS Clinician As Assigned Accessas trained demo password all procedures BootCamp password 360-μprocedures only no overrides service service access to SERVICE MODES 1 &2

As mentioned above, tablet 400 displays four primary control surfaces.These control surfaces include (in order from left to right):Procedures, Home, Patients, and Admin.

For first-time users, tablet 400 may allow the user to set up certainHOME screen features according to one's preference(s). This may include,for example, going to the Admin screen to select the time zone, autopower measurement mode, and start-up configuration check box options.Initial home Screen setup may include adding Patient data such as thepatient name (first and last), and patient case number.

FIG. 11 is a view for explaining operations on a “Home” screen controlsurface 1101. As mentioned above, a home screen allows main command andcontrol functionality, including control of patient management and ofmain functionality of the laser. As shown in FIG. 11 , control surface1101 allows a user to select a patient name. In that regard, the GUIrecords treatment data which can be assigned to specific patients. Theuser can select a Patient Name icon bar 1103, and a separate pop-up box1102 will appear with a drop-down list of selectable patient names. Uponselecting the Patient Name icon bar 1103, the user has a choice betweentwo options. The first option is the default setting which is labeled asNo Specific Patient, and is listed as the first option in the drop-downlist.

In addition, a help icon 1104 is accessible to the user on all 4 mainscreens of the GUI. By selecting this icon, the user is displayed a pdfattachment of all the functions and features of all the 4 main GUIscreens.

FIG. 12 shows another home screen control surface 1201, with a secondoption for selecting a patient. In particular, as shown in FIG. 12 , thesecond option is a list of patient names that will appear inalphabetical order on the drop-down list 1202. The patient names thatare displayed here are designated from the Patient Management/Reportingcontrol surface.

FIG. 13 is a view for explaining a control surface 1301 for procedurenames and error messages. In particular, when a user selects a presetprocedure from a Preset Procedures screen (which can be accessed by aright swipe from the home screen and is depicted in, e.g., FIGS. 14 and49 ), the procedure the user has selected from this screen will be ableto be seen on the home screen to the right of the Patient Name Icon Bar(here, “LPT Hemostasis”). Control surface 1301 also includes a drop-downdisplay of fiber diameters for laser delivery system 103, and an imageof quadrants of the mouth 1303 which might be subject to the selectedprocedure. In addition, fiber diameter icon bar 1302, located at theupper right side of the home screen, is selectable so that a drop-downlist of selectable fiber diameters in microns will appear, as discussedmore fully below.

In another example, if the user has selected a LANAP® First Pass fromthe Preset Procedures screen, then that procedure will appear betweenthe Patient Name icon bar and the Fiber Diameter icon bar. In thatregard, FIG. 14 is a view of an example preset procedures screen 1401.As shown in FIG. 14 , a selected fiber diameter 1402 corresponds to alist of preset procedures 1403 for that fiber diameter, which can thenbe selected by, e.g., tapping on the procedure. Certain procedures mayhave associated video or photos depicted by icons such as icon 1404, toassist in performing the procedure.

FIG. 15 is another view of the home screen, indicating a home screencontrol surface 1500 displaying an error code. Specifically, at location1501, home screen control surface 1500 displays an error code 89. Thus,error messages appear in this location on the Home Control surface. Apop-up indication 1502 indicates that the error message is also beingcopied to a clipboard for later access. Examples of error codes areshown below, although it should be understood that these are merelyexamples, and other error codes or error conditions may be used:

CODE MEANING “INT” Interlock circuit is open (Standby Mode) “TEM”Temperature is >70 degrees C. (Standby Mode) “FSW” Footswitch ispartially or fully active (Standby Mode) “FIB” Fiber is missing (StandbyMode) “INTERLOCK” Interlock ciruit is open (non-Standby Mode)“TEMPERATURE” Temperature is >70 degrees c. (non-Standby Mode) “FIBER”Fiber is missing (non-Standby Mode) E81 Fiber sensor is stuck in the ONstate E82 Temperature sensor indicates <2 degrees C. E83 Temperaturesensor indicates >80 degrees C. E84 Coolant flow switch is closed whenthe pump should be off E85 Coolant flow switch is open when the pumpshould be on E88 Insufficient energy detected during firing E89Excessive energy detected during firing E90 High voltage present when itshould not be E93 Energy detector calibration factor corrupted

FIGS. 16 to 20 are views for explaining a preset procedure overwrite,which allows the user to overwrite the therapeutic parameters of thePreset Procedures listed on the Preset Procedures Screen. To enable thisfeature, the user must select a Preset Procedure from the PresetProcedures Screen. The Preset Procedures screen can be accessed by aright swipe from the home screen. A user may select a preset procedureby, e.g., “clicking” or tapping on it, and be automatically brought backto the home screen after the desired preset procedure has been selected.

As shown in FIG. 16 , a control surface 1601 for the home screen in thepreset procedure overwrite depicts icons showing the therapeuticparameters or the energy settings: pulse duration in μsec 1605,instantaneous energy in mJ 1606, and pulse repetition rate in Hz 1607 ofthe Preset Procedure, which can then be manipulated by using the (+) and(−) symbols (e.g., 1603 and 1604) next to each parameter. In addition,fiber diameter icon bar 1602, located at the upper right side of thehome screen, is selectable so that a drop-down list of selectable fiberdiameters in microns will appear, as discussed more fully below. FIG. 17depicts a control screen 1701, where the therapeutic parameter settingsof LPT Hemostasis, namely, 550 μsec, 180 mJ, and 20 Hz have been changedto 650 μsec, 190 mJ and 30 Hz as shown in FIG. 18 .

In one example, as shown in FIG. 18 , after the user makes a change inthe therapeutic parameters and performs a long press on the PresetProcedure (located in between the Patient Name and Fiber Diameter iconbars), a separate pop-up box 1802 will appear on a control screen 1801that includes a “Stand By” indication 1803 and a message box 1804stating: “Overwrite Procedure Parameters, Please Confirm.” The user isprovided with icons 1805, 1806 and 1807 to select to proceed, return todefault parameters, or cancel, respectively. If the user selects the Okicon 1805, the therapeutic parameters or corresponding energy settingsare saved in accordance with the changes selected.

FIG. 19 is another view for explaining a preset procedures restore. Inthat regard, there are two ways that the user can restore the treatmentpreset procedure(s) back to their original default settings. The firstoption is to restore the preset procedure individually, from the homescreen surface. To initiate a preset procedure restore, the user selectsthe preset procedure to restore to factory default settings from theprocedures screen, and is brought back to the home screen. In oneexample, a long press on the Preset Procedure (located in between thePatient Name and Fiber Diameter icon bars) causes the message box 1804stating “Overwrite Procedure Parameters, Please Confirm” to appear as aseparate pop-up box, again. The user is again provided with icons 1805,1806 and 1807 to select to proceed, return to default parameters, orcancel, respectively. If the user selects the icon 1806, the therapeuticsettings are restored to their default settings.

FIG. 20 is a view for explaining another option for restoring defaultsettings. In particular, FIG. 20 depicts a control surface 2001 which isobtained by swiping to the “Admin” screen (explained above) andselecting a Control Panel tab. At the bottom of the surface 2001 is anicon bar 2002 that displays “Restore Default Therapeutic ParameterSettings”. Upon selection of this feature, all the therapeutic parametersettings that have been previously overwritten will go back to theiroriginal default settings.

FIG. 21 is a view for explaining selection of a fiber diameter. Inparticular, in the updated home screen 2101, the user has selected theFiber Diameter icon bar 2102 which is located at the upper right side ofthe home screen. A drop-down list 2103 of fiber diameter in microns willappear: 300μ, 360μ., 400μ. (in some examples, fiber diameters arecolor-coded on the home screen). The user may then select the fiber thatcorresponds with the one presently installed. In that regard, in certainembodiments, only certain login credentials can access certain fiberdiameters.

FIGS. 22 to 29 are views for explaining control of energy settings.

In particular, FIG. 22 is a view individually showing an Energy icon bar2201 which is included on the various home screens (e.g., FIG. 11 , FIG.13 , etc.). Energy icon bar 2201 is a control grouping which changes thetherapeutic parameter settings. The fundamental therapeutic parametersare average power (P_(A)) 2203, Pulse Width in microseconds (μsec) 2204,Energy in millijoules (mJ) 2205, and pulse repetition rate 2206, inpulses per second (Hz). The user can change the primary therapeuticparameter settings individually by selecting μsec, mJ, and Hz bypressing the adjacent (+) and (−) icons. In addition, by selecting thestand-alone icons for energy 2202 or P_(A) 2203 with correspondingimages depicting sliders for various parameters, the user can accesssets of the different parameters at the same time, and scroll through tosee their relationships and allowed/disallowed values for eachparameter, depending on the settings of the other parameters.

Specifically, as shown in FIG. 23 , to visualize the relationshipsbetween the fundamental therapeutic parameters after selecting theEnergy icon bar, a pop-up box 2302 will appear on the control surface2301 with three different columns from left to right: μsec column 2303,mJ column 2304, and Hz column 2305. Settings that have an “unlocked”lock icon 2306 (which may be colored, e.g., green) next to them indicatethose parameters which are available to be selected, whereas parameterswith a “locked” lock icon 2307 (which may be colored, e.g., red)indicate that those values are currently prohibited, at least with theother parameters at their current settings. Using a finger, the user mayscroll up and down within a parameter column to observe values above orbelow those presently displayed. A user may change from among the threefundamental therapeutic parameters and observe the corresponding averagePower, P_(A), values. A user may also select a set button 2308 to acceptdesignated set of therapeutic parameters, or a cancel button 2309 toreturn without changes.

FIG. 24 is a view for explaining a control surface 2401 for providing anoverride feature of energy settings (therapeutic parameter settings)with a red lock icon (e.g., lock icon 2403 for Hz setting 2402) that maybe selected using an override procedure. To initiate the overridefeature, the user must select the therapeutic parameter (whether it ismJ, or Hz) that has the red locked icon. Once selected, the therapeuticparameter with the red locked icon may change display (e.g., turn“unlocked” and green). Meanwhile, other therapeutic parameters allowedusing this override condition will be designated with a revised set ofgreen unlocked icons. A user may also select a set button 2404 to accepta designated set of therapeutic parameters, or a cancel button 2405 toreturn without changes.

FIGS. 25, 26 and 27 are views for explaining another feature calledaverage power hold, which can be accessed in the Energy icon bar (e.g.,by selecting icon 2502 or icon 2503 on bar 2501 in FIG. 25 ).

Turning to FIG. 26 , at the top of the pop-up box on control screen2601, the Average Power 2602, PA, value can be seen along with an icon2603 that looks like a thumbtack next to it.

Selecting the thumbtack icon 2603 next to the P_(A) will fix the averagepower value. Selecting another Pulse Repetition, Hz, from list 2606 willchange to a corresponding energy value in millijoules, mJ, which willmaintain this average power value. Likewise, after the user changes anenergy value, mJ, from list 2605, or changes a duration value in μsecfrom list 2604, the system will select the corresponding pulserepetition, Hz, to maintain the designated P_(A) value.

The Average Power Hold feature is also available on another part of thehome screen, as shown on control screen 2701 in FIG. 27 . Specifically,under the Timer/Info icon bar, the user is provided with the option ofselecting Info Average Power P_(A) icon 2703 on the drop-down list nextto P_(A), and can also see the Average Power hold thumbtack feature icon2704. If the user fixes the P_(A) value by selecting the thumbtack icon2704 the user may thereafter change either Hz or mJ using the +/−iconbars 2705 and 2706, and the system maintains the P_(A) value fixed bythe thumbtack. This value may also be shown on the same screen by P_(A)icon 2702.

Turning to FIGS. 28 and 29 , the Average Power, P_(A), can also bedirectly designated when the clinician selects the icon P_(A), e.g.,either P_(A) numerical display 2902 or parameter shift image 2903 on theenergy icon bar 2901. Turning to FIG. 28 , the pop-up window 2802correspondingly displayed on a screen 2801 has a thumbwheel controlusing a rolling up-and-down motion. The first step is to select thedesired Average Power, Watts, using the center thumbwheel 2804.Available combinations of mJ and Hz can now be selected for this P_(A)using the thumbwheel 2805 on the right. The user may also use the leftside thumbwheel 2803 to select from the available pulse widths, μsec, tocomplete the selection. The user is also provided with a set button 2806to set the parameters, and a cancel button 2807 to cancel the operation.

Thus, the thumbwheel visual allows for a convenient visualization ofparameters and their relationship. For example, having set one parameter(or a separate value such as P_(A)), the user is provided with anotherthumbwheel by which to choose other parameters. In addition, in oneexample, the user may set an average power for the laser via a userinterface on the tablet, and then select from a set of permissible laserparameters provided in response to the selected average power.Accordingly, it is ordinarily possible for a user to, for example, workbackward to select laser parameters from the average power, rather thanrelying on trial and error.

FIGS. 30 to 33 are views for explaining light dose tracking and displayaccording to example embodiments. As mentioned above, a light dose chartmay show an amount of laser dosimetry over time, as well as a lineindicating the maximum dosage allowed for that tissue/procedure. Forexample, the procedures screen may, using information from the patientrecords, determine a disease being treated and a dosage administeredthus far, and display a “max” line on a graph, with a dosage line whichincreases in real time toward the maximum as further laser dosage isapplied.

FIG. 30 displays a Light Dose Chart icon 3001, which looks like a chartwith an upward pointing arrow, which may be displayed on a home screen.A user selects the Light Dose Chart icon to enable the Light Dosegraphing feature.

Specifically, upon selecting icon 3001, a control surface such ascontrol surface 3101 (depicted in FIG. 31 ) is displayed, with a pop-upwindow 3102 allowing a user to enter light dose values based on clinicaljudgment and training, by using the (+) and (−) near each digit 3103.Light dose settings permit an entry of up to four digits or 9,999joules/mm pocket depth. After the user has selected the Light Doseentry, the user may select to cancel using cancel button 3105, or selectthe Ok button 3104, after which a Light Dose graph appears.

In particular, FIG. 32 depicts a control surface 3201 with a light dosegraph that changes as the laser is fired. In that regard, FIG. 32 showsa state in which the laser is currently being fired. Icon 3202 indicatesthat the laser is currently being fired. To do so, the user might toggleSTANDBY to READY, depress footswitch 314, and fire the laser, and thenobserve the yellow laser warning light.

The light dose chart 3206 shows the amount of laser dosimetry applied sofar during this active laser session (e.g., during an instance ofpressing the footswitch), using a line 3208, in Joules/time(s). At thesame time, a line 3207 shows the maximum allowable total joules whichcan safely or effectively be applied. This maximum allowable amount maychange in dependence on, e.g., the procedure being performed. In thatregard, additional lines may be displayed to show, for example, themaximum for particular phases of a multi-phase procedure, e.g., LAPIP™stage 1 or LAPIP™ stage 2.

The accumulation of Joules 3203 on the light dose graph is alsodisplayed on the right side of the home screen under the Timer/Info iconbar 3204. The user may opt out of the light dose tracking by selectingthe Light Dose Chart icon 3205 once more, after which the graph 3206will disappear from the home screen.

FIG. 33 shows a control surface 3301 including a Light Dose Chart 3302in Measure Power (P_(M)) Mode. While in the Measure Power, P_(M) Mode,the system does not allow the user to record any patient data. Rather,it is a tool for the user to utilize for power measurement of main lasercomputer 300. If the Light Dose graph feature is still enabled and thechart appears on the home screen, a watermark 3303 may appear across thegraph that will state Power Measurement Mode when the laser is firingand the footswitch is depressed. Meanwhile the power measurement display3304 shows the measured power.

FIGS. 34 to 39 are views for explaining information displayed inassociation with an instance of laser firing according to exampleembodiments.

In particular, FIG. 34 indicates a control screen 3401 for a pre-firingstandby state. Thus, as can be seen from FIG. 34 , an icon 3402indicates that the system is in standby mode, and, underneath theTimer/Info icon bar 3403, display 3404 indicates that an accumulation ofJoules is at zero.

FIG. 35 shows a control screen 3501 for a state when a user toggles fromstandby to ready mode, just before firing (by depressing footswitch 314,firing the laser, etc.). An icon 3502 indicates the Ready mode. Theaccumulation of Joules 3504 on the dental arch will be displayed underthe Info/Timer icon bar 3503. Laser energy will be transmitted inaccordance with the therapeutic parameters selected via the opticalfiber.

FIG. 36 illustrates a control surface 3601 for setting a timer. Inparticular, when the user selects “Timer” on the drop-down bar 3605, aseparate pop-up box 3602 will appear showing the desired minutes 3603and seconds 3604 to be entered by (+) and (−) symbols.

FIG. 37 shows a control screen 3701 after the selection of desired time,in which countdown timer indicators, such as minute wheel 3702 withticks 3703 and second wheel 3704 with ticks 3705, will appear below theTimer icon bar 3706. When the footswitch 314 is depressed, the ticks onthe appropriate timer will decrease according to the selected time. Toexit from the countdown timer, the user may select the Timer icon bar3706 once more.

FIG. 38 illustrates a control screen 3801 for displaying variousaccumulated information according to an example embodiment. Inparticular, when a user selects Info/Average Power from the drop-downbar 3803, the laser parameters information table 3804 appears. Thesevalues in laser parameters information table 3804 may change when thefundamental laser parameters change and/or the selected fiber diameteris changed. On the other hand, thumbtack element 3802 allows the user to“pin” certain values such that other parameters are forced to change tofit.

The parameters in laser parameters information table 3804 include:

ED, Energy Density (3805): E_(D)=Energy Density (depends on fiber and mJsettings only). E_(D) is Joules/cm². E_(D) may be held constant whilethe fiber diameter is changed and in fact by replacing the optical fiberon the front of the laser to the corresponding diameter value. There isa thumbtack pinning feature for Energy Density. The icon 3802 for thisfeature is located on the left side of E_(D). Pinning E_(D) changes thefundamental therapeutic parameter, ml, to maintain (as close aspossible) the energy density designated from the previous fiberdiameter. Pinning E_(D) and changing the fiber diameter will adjust mJto keep E_(D) approximately constant.

P_(A), Average Power (3806):=Desired Average Power.

P_(D), Power Density (3807): Average Power, Watts, per square millimeterof fiber diameter.

P_(p), Peak Power (3808):=Peak Power each laser pulse (depends on μsecand mJ only).

Turning to FIG. 39 , when a user selects Info/Measure Power, (PM) thisactivates the control screen 3901 in which the power measurement featureand the PM display 3902 is highlighted (e.g., displayed in red) toemphasize that this feature is activated. This allows the user tomeasure the power output of the main laser computer 300. In the P_(M)mode the system does not write system data, like mJ, or Shots to thepatient records. P_(M) is a tool for the user to verify that the powersettings made in the GUI are realized at the distal end of the opticalfiber nearest the surgical site. This is a comparison of the P_(A) andP_(M) values. If the Light Dose Chart 3903 pop-up window appears on thehome screen, there will be a watermark 3904 that will appear across thegraph that will state Power Measurement Mode when the footswitch isdepressed, as illustrated in FIG. 39 .

FIGS. 40 to 45 are views for illustrating selection of groups, areas orregions of a mouth for treatment and tracking thereof according toexample embodiments.

FIG. 40 illustrates a control surface 4001 for allowing a user to selecta dental arch for which to record dosimetry. For example, a user mayselect and/or de-select the dental arch quadrant(s) labeled UR (4002),LR (4004), UL (4003), and LL (4005). When a specific quadrant isselected, the selected area will be highlighted on the HOME screen, asshown by indication box 4006, although this emphasis may also bedisplayed using, e.g., color in the selected area while displaying theother quadrant(s) as grayscale. When selected, as the UR quadrant shownhere, Tx data is tagged with this location and will be available foranalysis in the Patient Control Surface, Report Tab.

FIGS. 41 and 42 illustrate selection of a sextant. Specifically, thereis an option for the user to select a different dental arch which iscalled a sextant. A display control surface 4101 indicates the differentsextants labeled UAS (4102), URS (4103), ULS (4104), LRS (4105), LLS(4106), and LAS (4107). When a specific area of the dental arch sextantis selected, the selected area will be highlighted on the HOME screen.

Meanwhile, FIG. 42 illustrates one embodiment for changing to thesextant selection from an administration control surface 4201. Inparticular, the user selects or de-selects the Dental Arch Sextant Mode4203 from the administration control surface, control panel tab 4202.

FIG. 43 illustrates a control surface 4301 by which a user is allowed toselect a tooth location which can be denoted as an implant. In thatregard, when recording information to the dental arch location, thereare many options for additional specificity. Each of the teeth in thedental arch may be designated, individually or in ad hoc groupings ofmultiple teeth. Once designated, dosimetry data are labeled and recordedto these locations. There are options to select teeth individually or toselect multi-tooth grouping options.

The individual tooth selection feature applies to either quadrant orsextant dental arches. To enable this feature, the user performs a longpress on a particular quadrant/sextant. A pop-up box 4302 will appearwith a tooth carousel including teeth 4303, 4304, 4306 and 4307. Theselected tooth is highlighted with a red box 4305. The tooth carouselpop-up box has a left-right (LR) swipe functionality to allow the userto select the desired tooth.

When the user performs a long press on a specific individual tooth, asite condition designation window (FIG. 44 ) appears in a pop-up 4401box with these options: Tooth Intact, Extracted, Crown, and Implant. Thedata for these site conditions will appear on the Reporting Controlscreen.

FIG. 45 illustrates a view of another tooth carousel 4501 for selectingsingle or multiple teeth (e.g., tooth 4502). In this example, selectedteeth appear with rectangles such as rectangle 4503 (which may becolored, for example, red). Each tooth with a rectangle will appear in atreatment group on the reporting control surface. The home screen showsthe tooth carousel multi-tooth feature with a display 4504 of 3 teethselected from the upper left quadrant for this example. Teeth arelabeled as follows: tooth 10 i (tooth 10 selected with the sitecondition option Implant), tooth 11 c (tooth 11 with the site conditionoption Crown), and 12 x (tooth 12 with the site condition optionExtracted). When the user toggles the standby to ready buttons and thelaser is fired, the designated multi-tooth group is recorded in thedatabase for use in reporting and analysis. If the user wishes to switchfrom one tooth to another, the user may simply select the other tooth bydoing a short press on the tooth that was previously selected as part ofthe multi-tooth grouping.

FIGS. 46 to 48 are views for explaining selection and adjustment ofpresets according to example embodiments.

In FIG. 46 , the Presets icon bar 4602 is located at the lower left partof the home screen 4601. This feature enables the clinician to recordand label all 3 of the fundamental therapeutic parameter settings (μsec,mJ, and Hz) which are presently set at the home screen. These can berecalled as needed.

FIGS. 47 and 48 depicts control screens which allow a user to name apreset with up to 8 alphanumerical characters, and to add new or selectfrom previously named and saved preset parameters. When the user selectsthe Presets icon bar 4602, a separate pop-up box 4702 will appear on theupdated control screen 4701, with options to save up to 10 or morepresets. At the top of the presets pop-up box 4702, directions for useare indicated: Touch Short to Select, Long to Edit. When the userselects the option to touch short to select, then the selected presetwill appear on the home screen at, e.g., in between the Patient Name andthe Fiber Diameter icon bars.

When the user selects the option touch long to edit, a separate pop-upbox 4801 as shown in FIG. 48 will appear, with 3 Preset options: whichare to store (option 4803), name (option 4804), and erase (option 4802),as follows:

Option to Store: When the user selects the option to Store, thetherapeutic parameter settings (or the energy icon) that are on the homescreen will be saved as Preset 1. The user may go back to the homescreen and change the therapeutic parameter settings by pressing the (+)and (−) icons, or by selecting the energy icon and selecting thetherapeutic parameters that appear on the pop-up chart. The chart isseparated in different columns from left to right, μsec, mJ, and Hz.After the user has made the appropriate changes in the energy settings,then the option to set the current settings prior to storage isselected. When the user wishes to store the energy settings that arecurrently on the home screen, the user must select the Presets icon bar.

Option to Name: The user selects a preset to name (e.g., Preset 3), thenuses the option Touch Long to Edit. The user selects the option name anda box will appear so that the user can type in the name of the Preset torename or personalize.

Option to Erase: The user selects a preset to erase, e.g., Preset 4),then uses the option Touch Long to Edit. The user selects Erase andobserves if the chosen preset is erased from the Preset screen.

FIGS. 49 and 50 are views for illustrating a Treatment Preset ControlSurface “Procedures” Screen 4901. The Preset Procedures screen 4901 hasa list 4903 of patient treatment procedures that have the defaulttherapeutic parameter settings according to the fiber diameter 4902 thatthe clinician has selected. An image 4904 may indicate that a video orphoto tutorial is available for assistance on the correspondingprocedure. Examples are shown below, according to the fiber diameter andthe therapeutic parameter settings:

300 Micron Fiber 360 Micron Fiber 400 Micron Fiber    PresetProcedures       Preset Procedures       Preset Procedures    LANAPAblation LANAP Ablation LANAP Ablation 100 μsec, 180 mJ, 20 Hz 100 μsec,120 mJ, 20 Hz 100 μsec, 220 mJ, 20 Hz Abscess LANAP Hemostasis LANAPHemostasis 150 μsec, 110 mJ, 20 Hz 550 μsec, 180 mJ, 20 Hz 550 μsec, 220mJ, 20 Hz Aphthous Ulcers Abscess Abscess 150 μsec, 100 mJ, 20 Hz 150μsec, 160 mJ, 20 Hz 150 μsec, 200 mJ, 20 Hz Biopsy Incisional AphthousUlcers Aphthous Ulcers 100 μsec, 30 mJ, 100 Hz 150 μsec, 160 mJ, 20 Hz150 μsec, 200 mJ, 20 Hz Caries Removal Biopsy Incisional Dentin Etch 100μsec, 210 mJ, 10 Hz 100 μsec, 40 mJ, 100 Hz 100 μsec, 250 mJ, 10 HzCrown Lengthening Caries Removal Hemostasis 150 μsec, 40 mJ, 50 Hz  100μsec, 300 mJ, 10 Hz 550 μsec, 220 mJ, 20 Hz Dentin Etch CrownLengstering Hygiene Curettage 100 μsec, 170 mJ, 10 Hz 150 μsec, 60 mJ,50 Hz  150 μsec, 120 mJ, 20 Hz Diode Setting Dentin Etch RCTSterilization 100 μsec, 30 mJ, 100 Hz 100 μsec, 250 mJ, 10 Hz 100 μsec,180 mJ, 15 Hz Fiboma Diode Setting Sulcular Debridement 100 μsec, 30 mJ,100 Hz 100 μsec, 40 mJ, 100 Hz  150 μsec, 180 mJ, 20 Hz FrenectomtyFibroma 100 μsec, 30 mJ, 100 Hz 100 μsec, 40 mJ, 100 Hz  GingivectomyFrenectomy 100 μsec, 120 mJ, 20 Hz 100 μsec, 40 mJ, 100 Hz  HygieneCurettage Gingivectomy 150 μsec, 60 mJ, 20 Hz  100 μsec, 180 mJ, 20 HzRCT Sterilization Hemostasis 100 μsec, 100 mJ, 15 Hz 550 μsec, 180 mJ,20 Hz Sulcular Debridement Hygiene Curettage 150 μsec, 100 mJ, 20 Hz 150μsec, 100 mJ, 20 Hz Tissue Recontouting RCT Sterilization 100 μsec, 80mJ, 50 Hz  100 μsec, 150 mJ, 15 Hz Troughing Sulcular Debridement 250μsec, 120 mJ, 20 Hz 150 μsec, 150 mJ, 20 Hz Tissue Recontouring 100μsec, 110 mJ, 50 Hz Troughing 250 μsec, 180 mJ, 20 Hz

FIG. 50 illustrates a control surface 5001 after selection, including anindication 5002 of the selected fiber diameter, and an indication 5003of the selected procedure.

FIG. 51 illustrates an example Patients Control Surface 5101, which canbe accessed by, e.g., clicking on “PATIENTS” icon 5106, and which mayinclude two separate tabs: Patients and Reporting, as can be seen fromthe Patients tab (to the left of the screen) and the Reporting tab (tothe right of the screen). As shown in FIG. 51 , the “Patients” tab hasbeen selected.

The Patients tab includes a Find Patients/Alphabetical Search Icon Bar5102, where the user is able to find a patient by typing in thePatient's or Patients' name(s). The user is also given a control 5103 toselect to add a new patient. An alphabet bar 5107 includes searchfunctionality by which when the user presses on a particular letter ofthe alphabet bar (for example the letter A), then the patient names thatare listed in list 5104 that have an A at the beginning of the first orlast name (e.g., patient 5105) will be displayed.

In one example, if the user makes a mistake while entering patient dataand has already chosen the option to press save, there is a way todelete or edit the entry. Once the user has found the patient entry thathe/she would like to edit or delete, the user must long press on it forabout 2-3 seconds and a box will appear with three different options:edit, delete, and select. When edit is selected, the user is able tomake the appropriate changes. If the user selects delete then the entrywill be deleted from the list. If the user chooses the option to select,then this will have the patient name show up on the drop-down list ofthe home screen.

If the user instead selects the “Reporting” tab from, e.g., PatientsControl Surface 5101 in FIG. 51 , a different series of displays may begenerated, as explained with reference to FIGS. 52 to 59 .

In that regard, the GUI records comprehensive treatment information.Each time the footswitch 314 is activated (pressed), the main laser isfired and the date and time of the activation is recorded. In addition,there is recording of the Patient name, Quadrant/Sextant and ortooth/teeth selected, the diameter of the optical fiber in use, and thefundamental therapeutic parameters: μsec, mJ, and Hz. When thefootswitch 314 is released, this data is recorded into the database foruse and analysis on the Reporting Tab of the Patient control surface.The footswitch interval is the period between activation (when thefootswitch is depressed) and release (when the footswitch is inactive).The totals of Joules and Laser Pulse “Shots” during the footswitchinterval are also recorded and appended to the data elementcorresponding to the current treatment.

To generate a report, a user may select a report filter from thereporting control surface tab 5201, which is displayed when, e.g., theuser selects the “Reporting” tab. As can be seen from FIG. 52 , thereporting control surface tab 5201 has 4 main filters for the user tofind patient data: Treatment Interval 5202, Chronological 5203, FilterPatients 5204, and Filter Site 5205. Each of these filters will bedescribed in detail.

FIG. 53 illustrates a control surface 5301 for Filter 1, “TreatmentInterval”, which is essentially the date and time interval for thesystem data that one desires to examine. A window 5302 includes controls5303 and 5304 for selecting the top date as the beginning date and thebottom date as the ending date for the treatment interval filter. Theuser selects Ok with icon 5305, and the treatment data is reported tothe Reporting tab.

FIG. 54 illustrates a control surface 5401 for Filter 2, the“Chronological” tab. This tab provides several further filtering optionsvia a “Select Report Options” control display 5402: Clinician option(s)displayed as element 5403 with the choice of Self or All, groupingoptions displayed as element 5404 with selections such as: None,Patient/chronological, and Patient Tx Site (Patient Treatment Site), andreport detail options displayed as element 5405 with selections such as:Detail, Summary, or Both, along with an Ok button 5406 to confirm theselections made.

In more detail, insofar as clinician options, when the clinician choosesthe filter option Self, then the patient data for the present login useris displayed. For example, when the clinician typed in the username mdtduring the LOGIN procedure, then all the patient data for the mdt LOGINcredentials will appear on the Reporting Control Surface Screen. Whenthe user chooses the filter option All, then all the patient data withall the LOGIN credentials (username(s) and password(s)) within thedatabase will appear on the reporting control surface. This is useful ingroup practices where patients may be shared among clinicians.

Insofar as chronological grouping options, when the clinician chooses tofilter the patient data by selecting the chronological grouping optionNone, this does not filter the patient data in any particular way. Whenthe clinician chooses to filter the patient data by selecting thePt:Chron grouping option, the patient data will appear alphabetically onthe reporting control surface and then each record is sequenced by dateand time. When the clinician chooses to filter the patient data byselecting the chronological grouping option Pt:Tx Site, then the patientdata will appear by Patient Name, then by the treatment site, andfinally by date time within the treatment site.

Insofar as report detail options, option “Summary” shows joules andshots only, option “Detail” shows all recorded therapeutic parameterswithin each footswitch activation interval, and option “Both” providesfor the report detail option, and cumulative summaries of the patientdata.

FIG. 55 illustrates a control surface 5501 for Filter 3, “FilterPatients”. When selected, this filter displays a list 5502 includingeach of the names found in the database for the time interval selectedusing Filter 1. The user selects/checks a patient name or severalpatient names. To compare the selection of the patient names the usermay press the Ok button 5503. The data only for those selected patientswill appear on the reporting control tab. If there are no patient namesto select from on the drop-down list of this filter then data for“undefined” which means no specific patient will be displayed after theuser selects Ok. This means that no patient names were selected prior tothe footswitch activation within the Filter 1 time interval. The defaultcondition is all patient names.

FIG. 56 illustrates a control surface 5601 for Filter 4, the “filtersite” option. When selected there is a drop-down list 5602 titled SelectQuadrants or Sextants. The drop-down list 5602 pertains to theclinicians' selection(s) of the Dental Arch options, whether Quadrant(s)or Sextant(s), which appear on the home screen. When the clinicianselects one of the different filter sites (e.g., UR, UL and LR) for theclinician to be able to view the patient data, the patient data forthose selected filter sites appears on the reporting control tab. Thedefault condition is that all Quadrants/Sextants are displayed. Thedrop-down list also includes an Ok button 5603 for confirmingselections.

In one embodiment, a deliberate long touch on either of the drop-downlists of Filters 3 and 4 will activate a pop-up screen 5701 as shown inFIG. 57 , with selections to Select All, Deselect All, or Cancel.

FIG. 58 is a view for illustrating a refresh button 5802 located towardthe upper right side of the Reporting tab 5801 and, when selected, hasthe functionality of showing patient data.

In FIG. 59 , a control surface 5901 includes a print icon 5902: Theprint icon 5902 is configured with the main laser computer 300, tablet400 (including, e.g., a tablet Bluetooth printing app), and acorresponding printer to print out patient data that appears on thereporting tab or the reporting control surface 5901. The printer icon5902 is located toward the bottom right side of the home screen. Thisenables the user to be able to print out screen shots from the homescreen as well as data from the Info/Timer icon bar and the 3 differentoptions of features that can be accessed.

In one example, to use Bluetooth to print out patient data that isdisplayed on the Reporting tab (reporting control surface), the userselects the printer icon 5902 which is located toward the lower rightside of the screen. Once the user has selected the printer icon 5902 onthe reporting control surface (e.g., surface 5901), then the user willbe brought to, e.g., a print mobile app screen, by which the user mayselect nearby Bluetooth printers. Once selected the print mobile appwill do a device scan searching for Bluetooth printers, and select acorresponding print icon so that the selected patient data will beprinted out.

A sample report actually printed from the GUI and the Bluetooth Printermight be arranged as follows:

Treatment Interval 2012 Aug. 6 09:11:00 to 2014 Aug. 6 10:37:36Patient - Both Patient Name (Last, First) Date Time Secs Clinician SiteJoules Shots Dose μS mJ Hz dia Proc Name Yves, Yolonda 08-06 10:24 17.0Boot Camp LR 102.6 342 — 100 300 20 360 Undefined Yves, Yolonda 08-0610:24 14.0 Boot Camp LR 85.5 285 — 100 300 20 360 Undefined Yves,Yolonda 08-06 10:23 8.0 Boot Camp LL 43.2 144 — 100 300 20 360 UndefinedYves, Yolonda 08-06 10:23 4.0 Boot Camp 4i 23.1 77 — 100 300 20 360Undefined Yves, Yolonda 08-06 10:23 11.0 Boot Camp 4i 67.5 225 — 100 30020 360 Undefined Yves, Yolonda 08-06 10:22 12.0 Boot Camp 4 66.3 221 —100 300 20 360 Undefined Yves, Yolonda 08-06 10:22 5.0 Boot Camp UR 35.1117 — 100 300 20 360 Undefined Yves, Yolonda 08-06 10:22 0.0 Boot CampUR 0.3 1 — 100 300 20 360 Undefined Yves, Yolonda Total 423.6 1412Oblanc, Othello 08-06 09:35 0.0 Boot Camp LL 0.7 17 100 100 40 100 360Undefined Oblanc, Othello 08-06 09:35 1.0 Boot Camp LL 4.3 108 100 10040 100 360 Undefined Oblanc, Othello 08-06 09:35 0.0 Boot Camp LL 1.0 24— 100 40 100 360 Undefined Oblanc, Othello 08-06 09:33 4.0 Boot Camp 20c20.4 511 — 100 40 100 360 Undefined Oblanc, Othello 08-06 09:32 6.0 BootCamp 20 22.5 562 — 100 40 100 360 Undefined Oblanc, Othello 08-06 09:327.0 Boot Camp 31c 30.0 751 110 100 40 100 360 Undefined Oblanc, Othello08-06 09:31 10.0 Boot Camp LR 38.2 955 110 100 40 100 360 UndefinedOblanc, Othello 08-06 09:31 15.0 Boot Camp LR 59.2 1480 110 100 40 100360 Undefined Oblanc, Othello 08-06 09:30 6.0 Boot Camp LR 25.2 631 110100 40 100 360 Undefined Oblanc, Othello Total 201.6 5039

FIGS. 60 to 65 are views for explaining administration control screensaccording to example embodiments.

In one example, a main laser computer 300 “Admin” screen might include 2separate tabs: a Measure Power tab and the Control Panel tab.

FIG. 60 depicts an example control screen 6001 in accordance with theMeasure Power tab 6002. The Measure Power tab 6002 has the samefunctionality as the P_(M) (power measurement) mode under the Energyicon bar on the Home screen. This measures power output. The useradjusts the therapeutic parameter settings by clicking on μsec 6003, mJ6004, and Hz 6005, then selecting the up and down arrows or clicking onthe therapeutic parameter itself; a drop-down list of settings willappear. Therapeutic parameter settings that appear on the 3-columnpop-up box of the Energy pop-up box (shown previously) with a red lockedicon indicating that those set of therapeutic parameter settings cannotbe changed. Control screen 6001 also includes an indicator 6006 that thelaser is in standby mode, Auto Power Measure icon 6007 allowing forselection of the automatic power measure mode, and information display6008 indicating the set power.

FIG. 61 is an example of a control screen 6101 displayed in accordancewith the control panel tab. Control screen 6101 includes a control 6102for selecting aiming beam intensity, with a default preferred setting of5. Control screen 6103 also includes a time zone setting control 6103.In that regard, selection of the time zone setting control 6103 maycause a display of a pop-up list of selectable time zones, as shown inFIG. 62 . In particular, as shown in FIG. 62 , a control screen 6201includes the displayed list 6202. The local time zone feature has adrop-down list of countries, cities and states that the user can choosefrom so that the time on the tablet will coincide with the user's localtime zone.

Returning to FIG. 61 , a selectable icon 6104 may also allow a user toset the local date and time.

Start-up Configuration Checkbox Options 6105, 6106 and 6107 are featuresthat can be accessed through the home screen of the tablet 400 when theyare selected (checked). In particular, the options include option 6105for Energy Parameter INFO Display By Default. When the user selects thischeck box, the Joules and Shots will appear by default on the homescreen underneath the Timer/Info icon bar. Option 6106 for Dental ArchSextant Mode provides that when the user selects this check box, thedental arch that will appear by default on the home screen will be theSextant dental arch. Option 6107 for clear Joules/Shots on ToothSelection provides that when the user selects this check box, the mJ onthe home screen will clear to zero automatically when the user isaccessing the Individual Tooth selection then decides to opt out of thisfeature on the home screen.

Screen Brightness control 6108 allows the user to control the screenbrightness of the tablet by swiping from left to right. Restore DefaultTherapeutic Parameters control 6109, when selected, restores the defaultsetting of the therapeutic parameter settings on any previouslyoverwritten preset procedures.

Information display 6110 includes, e.g., a software and firmware versionfor main laser computer 300. This informs the user of what software ofthe tablet 400 is running and firmware version that the main lasercomputer 300 has installed. In this embodiment, the user should be ableto read that the most up-to-date versions are: Software Main lasercomputer 300 MVP-7 v1.09b and Firmware 1.0.8. If these versions are notup-to-date then the user can have the latest versions installed toensure the GUI interface can be utilized with all the current featuresfor an enjoyable user experience.

FIGS. 63 to 65 are views for explaining service mode screens.

FIG. 63 is a view of a control screen 6301 for selecting a service mode.In one embodiment, Service Mode is a feature that should be onlyaccessible by a technician, rather than a clinician. This allows theuser to have access to 4 separate TABS: Measure Power, Control Panel,and Service Mode tab 6302, which, when selected, displays buttons 6303and 6304 for selection of service modes 1 and 2, respectively. In oneexample, in order to access the service mode feature, the user mustlogin with service mode login credentials which are, e.g., “service”(all lowercase) for both username and password.

In that regard, the functionality of the measure power tab under theservice mode credentials may have the same functionality as that of theMeasure Power tab on the main laser computer 300 ADMIN Screen(s), andthe functionality of the control panel tab under the service credentialsmay have the same functionality as that of the Measure Power tab on themain laser computer 300 ADMIN Screen(s).

FIG. 64 illustrates an example control screen 6401 when the SERVICE MODE1 icon bar (6402) is selected. In one example, to access the servicemode 1, the user selects a SERVICE MODES TAB from the Main lasercomputer 300 ADMIN screen. Once the SERVICE MODES TAB is selected, theuser presses the SERVICE MODE 1 icon bar 6402 to be brought to theService Mode 1 screen 6401. Service mode 1 allows operation of the laserat fixed current and pulse width, while monitoring the internal energymonitor. To adjust the μsec, Amps, and Hz settings, the user selects thecorresponding parameter icon bars (6403, 6404 and 6405, respectively)and a drop-down list (not shown) will appear, after which the user maychange the settings by using the (+) and (−) buttons or by selecting onthe parameter itself and swiping up and down to select the desiredindividual parameter(s), after which a “SET” selection may save theparameters. The calibration factor can be changed with an icon bar 6406,to match the laser output to an external power meter, and saved with anicon bar 6407. To change the calibration factor (cal factor), the usersimply selects the Cal Factor icon bar 6406 and a drop-down list willappear. The user may swipe up and down to select a desired selectionthen press the Save Cal Factor icon bar 6407 to save the changes.Information display 6408 displays the measured power from the internalenergy monitor, averaged over, e.g., 10 pulses. The footswitch fires thelaser at the selected current, repetition rate and pulse width. Thecoolant pump will run, the READY lamp will light, and the aiming beamwill turn on.

FIG. 65 illustrates an example control screen 6501 when the SERVICE MODE2 icon bar (6502) is selected. In one example, to access the servicemode 2, the user selects a Service Modes tab from the Main lasercomputer 300 ADMIN screen. Once the Service Modes tab is selected, theuser presses the SERVICE

MODE 2 icon bar 6502 to be brought to the service mode 2 screen 6501.Service mode 2 allows control of the HVPS supply using area 6503.Service mode 2 also allows testing of the capacitor charge (Cap Charge)and/or simmer circuits using controls 6504 and 6505, display of thecoolant temperature 6506 and setting of the tube start current withcontrol 6507. Service Mode 2 sets the tube start current and the defaultsetting for this 15. The coolant pump will run.

During a charge and simmer test, a warning may be displayed as follows:

WARNING: High voltages are present when performing this service with thecover off. Do not touch any wiring or components until power isdisconnected and you are sure all capacitors have discharged.

Meanwhile, the measured coolant temperature may be shown in the timerdisplay, in degrees C., for the user to confirm that the thermistorsense circuitry is functioning.

FIGS. 66 and 67 are views for explaining an example of users andprocedures Database Administration. In particular, FIGS. 66 and 67 areviews for using an SQL Lite database administrator console to manageusers, user rights, procedures and images.

In that regard, FIG. 66 depicts an example of a first administrationscreen 6601. In this example, an administrator has selected a “fields”folder 6607 from a set of “users” on the left side, and selected an“Edit Data” tab 6606 on the right side. Drop-down list 6605 allows fordisplay of other tables, but is currently set on “users”. The editableusers table includes column 6602 for a user id, column 6603 for ausername, and column 6604 for a corresponding user password.

FIG. 67 depicts an example of another administration screen 6801,including detailed fields for a procedures table, including a column forprocedure id 6802, a column for user id 6803, a column for a valueindicating a level of access 6804, as discussed above, a column 6805 forprocedure name, a column 6806 for a procedure image (if applicable oravailable), column 6807 for a pulse width corresponding to theprocedure, column 6808 for an energy value corresponding to theprocedure, column 6809 for a repetition rate corresponding to theprocedure, and a column 6810 indicating the fiber diameter correspondingto each procedure id.

Treating Gingival Disease

Aspects of the method for treating gingival disease will now beillustrated and described with respect to FIGS. 68 to 70 .

In that regard, FIG. 68 is a section of a gingival tissue prior to theadministration of a LAPIP™ procedure according to an example embodiment.FIG. 69 is a section of the same gingival tissue as in FIG. 68 showingthe position of surgical tissue severing according to an exampleembodiment, and FIG. 70 is a section of the same gingival tissue as inFIG. 68 after completion of a LAPIP™ procedure according to an exampleembodiment.

Referring now to FIGS. 68 to 70 , the LAPIP™ Procedure comprises astep-by-step approach. First, the gingival tissue 5 corresponding to atargeted implant 10 is anesthetized. The depth of a pocket 20 in thegingival tissue is measured, preferably with a periodontal probe 30,taking at least six spaced-apart measurements around the implant 10. Thepocket depth is defined as extending from the upper gingival margin 40to the mucogingival junction 50. The interior epithelial lining 60 ofthe pocket 20 is then ablated and vaporized to the full depth of thepocket 20, preferably using a laser fiber having a preferred diameter ofbetween 100 microns and 600 microns, the fiber preferably orientedparallel to the surface of the implant 10. This is completed on allsides of the implant 10. This step generates and prepares a new pockettissue surface 70. Preferably not more than 10 Watts of fiber outputpower is used, as measured at the distal end of the fiber, and a lasingfrequency of not more than 100 hertz is preferably applied. Pulseduration range in this example may be 100 to 650 microseconds.

Next, the surface of the implant 10A is cleaned of all foreign matter10B, again (using, e.g., an ultrasonic handpiece as described above), tothe depth of the pocket 20 on all sides of the implant 10. In thisexample, this is followed by an irrigation of the pocket 20 with abactericidal solution. Following that, the pocket 10 is lased to removegranulomatous tissue, and to disinfect, assist in hemostasis, cauterizefree nerve endings, and seal lymphatics of the pocket tissue surface.Lasing also prepares the pocket tissue surface 70 for adhesion to theimplant.

Next, occlusal interferences are eliminated (using, e.g., a high-speedhandpiece). The new pocket tissue surface 70 is lased to adapt it forclot and tissue adhesion. The pocket tissue surface 70 is approximatedwith the implant surface 10A preferably with finger pressure to hold thepocket tissue surface 70 in contact with the implant surface 10A,preferably from 2 to 3 minutes, allowing a thin clot 80 to form betweenthe pocket tissue surface 70 and the implant surface 10A so as toadvance and assure adhesion of these tissues. Finally, the body'snatural immune system is enhanced by prescribed medications foroutpatient use in preventing infection. This step is useful in order toprotect against infection and reduce inflammation. The procedurepreferably includes the further step of providing at least onesubsequent occlusal equilibration examination.

Further example aspects of one embodiment of an example procedure arenow described. In one example, the area of concern, usually twoquadrants, is anesthetized. The procedure is applied independently toeach implant involved. Pocket depth is measured and recorded with aperio probe to determine the full depth of the diseased pocket. Acontact laser fiber is oriented along the long axis of the implant, andis used to create a gingival trough or flap by ablating the freegingival margin and the internal epithelial lining of the pocket,thereby exposing the implant surface. Appropriately cleaved contactlaser fibers provide precise control of the laser energy, the physicalplacement of the laser energy, and the determination of the desiredphysical orientation of the laser to the tissue to be removed. Agingival trough or flap is used to expose the implant surface forvisualization. Excision of the free gingival margin removes pathogensand pathologic proteins within the tissue of the free margin which areotherwise unremovable, and provides hemostasis for better visualization.This step also defines the tissue margins preceding mechanicalinstrumentation, and preserves the integrity of the mucosa by releasingtissue tension. It also dissects-out the separation between the freegingival margin and the fibrous collagen matrix which holds the gingivain position. This aids in the maintenance of the crest of the gingivalmargin. With the use of the “hot-tip” effect, further excision of theinner pocket epithelium around the entire implant is completed, to thedepth of the probe readings. Ordinarily, no attempt is made to breakthrough the mucogingival junction with the optical fiber. The “hot-tip”effect (accumulated tissue proteins heated via conductivity secondary tothe passage of laser energy through the fiber) provides the selectiveremoval of sulcular and pocket epithelium and granulomatous tissuewithout removing substantially any connective fibrous tissue, and doesso circumferentially and radially. As necessary, the excised tissue thataccumulates on the tip of the laser fiber is removed. Ultrasonic scalingof all implant surfaces to the depth of pocket is completed. The intentis to remove all foreign structures and substance from the pocket toallow adhesion of the soft tissue to the clean implant surface. Lasingof the pocket to remove remaining granulomatous tissue, disinfecttissue, assist in hemostasis, cauterize free nerve endings, seallymphatics, prepare tissue for soft and fibrin clot adhesion to implantsurface is accomplished. Elimination of occlusal interferences iscompleted using, e.g., a high-speed handpiece as described herein. Forbest results this step is helpful, since it allows the tissue to healand the bone to regenerate. The laser modifies the tissue to allow newattachment to take place but if the trauma of malocclusion continues thetissue cannot withstand and begins to break down immediately. Alltreatment sites are irrigated to the deepest depth of the periodontalpockets with a bactericidal solution of a high tissue substantivity(e.g., chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12%). The irrigation aids the laser inthe reduction of bacteria in the pocket and in removing debris.Approximation of the wound edges is completed. Lasing is furtheraccomplished to control blood flow as needed. Healing of the wound edgesis by secondary intention. The tissue is compressed with finger pressurefor 1 to 3 minutes against the implant from both a facial and lingualdirection in order to permit only a thin clot to form between the tissueand the implant.

Post-procedural steps include prescribing medications for home use andreviewing postoperative care with the patient. An occlusal splint may beused to provide anterior guidance, e.g., a “QuickSplint®”, or anterior“jig”. A thorough occlusal adjustment follow-up examination is required.This treatment should continue periodically until bone development iscomplete. Pocket-depth measurements are to be avoided for 12 months.

In another example embodiment, a laser-assisted peri-implant mucositisand peri-implantitis bone regeneration and re-osseointegration procedureuses a free-running pulsed neodymium yttrium aluminum garnet laserdevice with a 1,064-nanometer wavelength and duty cycles between 0.2 and1.3 percent (100 and 650 microseconds at 20 hertz), Average Power of 3.0Watts, 150 millijoules, Peak Power of 1500 Watts/pulse, Energy Densityof 147 J/cm², Power Density of 2947 Watts/cm² to an Average Power of 3.6Watts, 180 millijoules, Peak Power of 1800 Watts/pulse, Energy Densityof 177 J/cm², Power Density of 3537 Watts/cm² using preferably thefree-running pulsed Nd:YAG PerioLase® MVP-7™ and includes steps ofanesthetizing mucogingival tissues corresponding to a targeted implantof a patient, the implant having an implant surface, bone sounding usinga periodontal probe and recording the depths of all bony defects in thesoft tissue at 6 sites around the implant and to bone, from an uppergingival margin to the extent of the accessible bony defect, recordingthe sum total of all 6 probe depths/bone soundings and multiplying by apredesignated constant which in this example is 4 (representing a “lightdose” of 4/Joules per millimeter pocket depth. Example: 6 probe depthsof 10 mm each=60 mm total×4=240 Joules of total light dose). The totallight dose is applied such that the majority of the total light dose isapplied during the 1st step of laser application in LAPIP™ Ablation,while the remaining portion of the total light dose is delivered duringthe 2nd laser application in the LAPIP™ Hemostasis setting. In thisexample, the total light dose is applied ⅔rds during the 1st step oflaser application in LAPIP™ Ablation, while the remaining ⅓rd of theenergy is delivered during the 2nd laser application in the LAPIP™Hemostasis setting. In this example, 160 Joules are delivered during theLAPIP™ Ablation Step, and 80 Joules are delivered during the LAPIP™Hemostasis Step. The procedure further uses average powers of 3.0 to 3.6Watts, 20 hertz repetition rate, and 100 microsecond pulse duration witha 0.2 percent duty cycle. Average Power of 3.0 Watts, 150 millijoules,Peak Power of 1500 Watts/pulse, Energy Density of 147 J/cm², PowerDensity of 2947 Watts/cm² to an Average Power of 3.6 Watts, 180millijoules, Peak Power of 1800 Watts/pulse, Energy Density of 177J/cm², Power Density of 3537 Watts/cm². The example further uses aFiberFlex™ 300-, 320-, 360-, 400-micron (preferably a 360-micron)diameter quartz optical fiber fed through an anodized aluminum TrueFlex®handpiece and annealed stainless steel cannula, ablating, denaturing andvaporizing the and granulomatous tissues, inflamed, infected, ulceratedepithelial lining of the pocket, photothermally altering, disrupting,denaturing, dehydrating, and destroying hard calcified calculus andconcrements on the implant surface, to the soft tissue extent of thepocket on all sides of the implant to prepare a new and coronal crestalsurface for connective tissue adhesion and osseointegration, andincludes lasing the implant surface to destroy lipopolysaccharides (LPS)of gram-negative bacteria, using a laser and/or preferentially LANAP®PiezoSonic piezo-electric ultrasonic device with water lavage and 20,000to 30,000 hertz, and three specific tips—the “P” tip, the “Ball” tip,and the “PS” tip operating at 8 to 10 Watts, cleaning the implantsurface of all foreign matter, calculus, and cement to the full depth ofthe pocket on all sides of the implant from crestal margin to bonydefect base, decorticating the crestal and marginal ridge bone toperform an osteotomy and/or ostectomy and to initiate angiogenesis,irrigating the pocket with a bactericidal solution, preferablychlorhexidine 0.12%, and using the laser with average powers of 3.0 to4.0 Watts, 20 hertz repetition rate, and 150 to 650 microsecond pulseduration, preferably with Duty Cycles between 0.3 percent and 1.3percent. At 150 microsecond pulse duration: Average Power of 3.0 Watts,150 millijoules, Peak Power of 1000 Watts/pulse, Energy Density of 147J/cm², Power Density of 2947 Watts/cm² and Duty Cycle of 0.3 Percent; toan Average Power of 4.0 Watts, 180 millijoules, Peak Power of 1333Watts/pulse, Energy Density of 196 J/cm², Power Density of 3930Watts/cm² and Duty Cycle of 0.3 percent; to 650 microsecond pulseduration: Average Power of 3.0 Watts, 150 millijoules, Peak Power of 231Watts/pulse, Energy Density of 147 J/cm², Power Density of 2947Watts/cm² and Duty Cycle of 1.3 Percent; to an Average Power of 4.0Watts, 180 millijoules, Peak Power of 307 Watts/pulse, Energy Density of196 J/cm², Power Density of 3930 Watts/cm² and Duty Cycle of 1.3percent.

In one aspect, the procedure further includes using a FiberFlex™ 300-,320-, 360-, 400-micron (preferably a 360-micron) diameter quartz opticalfiber fed through an anodized aluminum TrueFlex® handpiece and annealedstainless steel cannula; lasing to intentionally irradiate the bone atthe base of the bony defect in the 6 separate pocket depth measurementlocations to initiate hemostasis from the medullary bone; stimulate andupregulate the release of growth factors (e.g., IGF-1 and IGF-II,TGF-beta 1, TGF-beta 2, BMP-2); stimulate and upregulate fibroblasts andstem cells; warm the blood in the pocket to thermolytically cleavefibrinogen thereby converting the blood into fibrin (thrombin catalyzesthe conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin), create a stable fibrin clot,and create angiogenesis; remove and/or denature any remaining, residualgranulomatous tissue and inflamed, infected and diseased epitheliallining, intentionally leaving granulation tissue in place (stem cells,capillaries, fibroblasts), but disinfected; disinfect, assist inhemostasis, cauterize free nerve endings, and seal lymphatics of thepocket tissue surface; and prepare the pocket tissue surface foradhesion; lasing the pocket tissue surface to adapt the pocket tissuesurface for tissue adhesion; Average Power of 3.0 Watts, 150millijoules, Peak Power of 1000 Watts/pulse, Energy Density of 147J/cm², Power Density of 2947 Watts/cm² to an Average Power of 4.0 Watts,180 millijoules, Peak Power of 1333 Watts/pulse, Energy Density of 196J/cm², Power Density of 3930 Watts/cm²; approximating the pocket tissuesurface with the implant surface; maintaining the pocket tissue surfacein contact with the implant surface to advance adhesion; and eliminatingocclusal interferences. In one aspect, the depth measuring is completedwith a periodontal probe taking at least six spaced-apart measurementsaround the implant. In another aspect, the ablating, vaporizing, andlasing are completed with a laser fiber oriented parallel to the surfaceof the implant. In still another aspect, the procedure includes a stepof providing a free-running pulsed Nd:YAG, 1,064-nanometer wavelengthlaser, preferably the PerioLase® MVP-7™, wherein the ablating,denaturing and vaporizing is completed with not more than 6.00 Watts ofaverage output power from the laser, as measured at the distal end ofthe fiber, and with a lasing frequency of not more than 100 Hz. AveragePower of 3.0 Watts, 150 millijoules, Peak Power of 1500 Watts/pulse,Energy Density of 147 J/cm², Power Density of 2947 Watts/cm² to anAverage Power of 3.6 Watts, 180 millijoules, Peak Power of 1800Watts/pulse, Energy Density of 177 J/cm², Power Density of 3537Watts/cm². In yet another aspect, the laser fiber is of a diameterbetween approximately 200 and 600 microns. In still another aspect, themethod includes firm pressure to hold the pocket tissue surface incontact with the implant surface for 1 to 3 minutes allowing a thin clotto form between the pocket tissue surface and the implant surface.

In these examples, the TrueFlex® handpiece is fabricated from anodizedaluminum, but in other examples the handpiece may be fabricated fromstainless steel, plastic, Delrin®, titanium and so forth, and notnecessarily anodized aluminum.

It should be understood that the body's natural immune system isenhanced by prescribed medications for outpatient use in helping toprevent infection. This step may be important or necessary in order toprotect against infection and reduce inflammation. The procedurepreferably includes the further step of providing at least onesubsequent occlusal equilibration examination.

Relational Database

FIG. 71 is a view for explaining a relational database according to anexample embodiment. The relational database may be stored in, forexample, non-volatile memory 411 in tablet 400. In an alternativeembodiment, this information might be stored at main laser computer 300,or at data appliance 427.

In that regard, the database contains data that is recorded and used asa durable data archive. The database may be transportable, i.e., it canbe extracted and reinstalled in another device for (a) duplicate archiveor (b) analytical purposes. The database can be installed on alternatedevices running disparate operating systems including UNIX and Windows.In addition, the database can be synchronized with electronic medical(dental) records. Synchronized data can be operated upon by algorithmsto determine recommended treatments of laser dosimetry.

As shown in FIG. 71 , sets of data include users 7101, patients 7104,treatments 7102, procedures 7107, laserheads 7103, android metadata7105, and sqlite sequence 7106.

Users 7101 includes information about the user of the laser (e.g., aclinician or dentist) and includes, for example, an ID, a username, anda password. The ID links to patients in patients 7104 associated withthe user, treatments 7102 associated with the user such as treatmentsperformed by the user, and procedures 7107 such as those which areauthorized for that user's level of training. For example, users 7101may include a record of user ids, usernames, and passwords. The idrecord is a key field and is linked to the user_id record in the tablesfor patients (7104), procedures (7107) and treatments (7102). In oneexample, username and password fields are used to authenticate userlogin credentials.

Patients 7104 includes information about patients associated with auser, including, for example, name, phone number, address, andinformation concerning LANAP® and LAPIP® procedures which may have beenperformed on the patient. Data recorded by a particular user_id may belisted for archival purposes. Standard patient master record informationis included here including names, addresses, case number (file number),etc.

Treatments 7102 includes information about treatments performed with thelaser, including, e.g., laser parameters such as a pulse width andenergy and information concerning tooth groups or implants which aretreated. To that end, treatments 7102 links to an ID of the user inusers 7101, the patient in patients 7104, and a procedure name inprocedures 7107 associated with the treatment.

More specifically, treatments 7102 (i.e., the treatments table) is arecord of therapeutic laser light dosimetry administered to a specificpatient at a specific location in the mouth, recorded by date, time andduration of laser light application.

In that regard, the specific location in the mouth may be described bythe dental arch quadrant or sextant, tooth location by number, toothcharacteristic such as missing, implant or crown at the numberedlocation. Ad hoc groupings of teeth within a quadrant or sextant can bedesignated by the user_id (clinician) and recorded in the database. Thelaser light dosimetry is characterized by the pulse width (μsec), energy(joules) and pulse repetition rate (Hz) of the laser energy administeredduring the duration of the laser light application. These three valuesare collectively “therapeutic parameters”. The joules and number oflaser pulses or “shots” accumulated for the duration of the laser lightapplication are recorded. Some combinations of therapeutic parametersare given Procedural Names such as “LAPIP Protocol First Pass”. Othercombinations of therapeutic parameters can be named by the clinician toaid his/her memory. Procedural Names or clinician-named therapeuticparameters when selected are also recorded in the database.

Procedures 7107 includes information about the procedures for whichtreatment is performed, such as ablation, hemostasis and the like. Forexample, procedures 7107 includes default parameters and procedurenames, and also includes authorized procedures for a user (who isidentified by a corresponding user ID in users 7101). In that regard, inone embodiment, procedural names for therapeutic parameters stored inprocedures 7107 are authorized for each user_id. Laser light dosimetryadministered to a specific patient and stored in treatments 7102 mayalso include the user_id of the clinician performing the procedure.

In one example, data elements or fields include the user_id of theclinician authorized to perform the procedure. This is keyed to thetraining program with advanced procedures being authorized via upgradedpasswords as the clinical training and qualifications of the userprogress. In that regard, in the procedures table 7107, the procedureauthorized field may be a tristate variable, i.e., it assumes one ofthree values: 0:=procedure not authorized for this user_id, 1:=procedureauthorized but may not be overwritten by this user_id, and 2:=procedureauthorized and may be overwritten by this user_id.

Other data elements of procedures 7107 may include the procedure name, aclinical photograph or motion picture illustrating the clinicalprocedure techniques and expected clinical outcomes, the therapeuticparameters, the diameter of the optical fiber used for the intendedprocedure, and the factory settings for the procedure in the event theuser_id performs a therapeutic parameter overwrite and would like torecover (restore) the recommended settings.

Laserheads 7103 includes identifying and maintenance information aboutthe laser head, such as an ID, name, and usage information. For example,laserheads 7103 may store the historical record for total time used andtotal energy output during laser operation. This is used by repair andmanufacturing facilities for evaluating mean time between failures andthe operational stress exposure of critical components. The serialnumber of the laser head may also be recorded here, and new laser headserial numbers can be added as the laserheads are replaced duringservice.

Android metadata 7105 includes metadata associated with tablet 400 suchas, for example, locale information identifying where the tablet isbeing used.

Sqlite sequence 7106 includes, e.g., information for managing therelational database.

The database can be operated upon by select and update queries. Selectqueries can be used to extract and format report data using filtersdeployed on the display subsystem and other devices. Update queriesassist with data synchronization and archiving across platforms. Selectqueries make data filters and include parameters such as the beginningand ending values of a time interval, for a specific or all user_ids.The listing within the time interval can be: (1) chronological, (2) bypatient and then chronological or (3) by patient and chronologicalwithin treatment site locations. These data can be further filtered toshow detailed data, summary data, and a combination of both detailed andsummary data.

In one example, two “smart filters” are provided: “Filter Patients”indicates a listing limited to those patient names found within the timeinterval and user id selections, where the user may select or deselectpatient names to formulate the most useful report, and “Filter Site”,which is a smart filter showing those treatment site quadrants orsextants which have been treated during the time interval and user_idsselected. Again, the user may select or deselect treatment sites toformulate the most useful report.

Footswitch

FIG. 72 is a view for explaining operation of a footswitch, e.g.,footswitch 314. In particular, as shown in FIG. 72 , a user operates thelaser by pressing down with a foot 7201 on footswitch 314. The physicalnature of footswitch 314 may vary. For example, footswitch 314 mightalso be a raised disc on a circular platform. In addition, footswitch314 might include a footswitch guard, and might be configured to performwireless communication with other elements of the system.

OTHER EMBODIMENTS

According to other embodiments contemplated by the present disclosure,example embodiments may include a computer processor such as a singlecore or multi-core central processing unit (CPU) or micro-processingunit (MPU), which is constructed to realize the functionality describedabove. The computer processor might be incorporated in a stand-aloneapparatus or in a multi-component apparatus, or might comprise multiplecomputer processors which are constructed to work together to realizesuch functionality. The computer processor or processors execute acomputer-executable program (sometimes referred to ascomputer-executable instructions or computer-executable code) to performsome or all of the above-described functions. The computer-executableprogram may be pre-stored in the computer processor(s), or the computerprocessor(s) may be functionally connected for access to anon-transitory computer-readable storage medium on which thecomputer-executable program or program steps are stored. For thesepurposes, access to the non-transitory computer-readable storage mediummay be a local access such as by access via a local memory busstructure, or may be a remote access such as by access via a wired orwireless network or Internet. The computer processor(s) may thereafterbe operated to execute the computer-executable program or program stepsto perform functions of the above-described embodiments.

According to still further embodiments contemplated by the presentdisclosure, example embodiments may include methods in which thefunctionality described above is performed by a computer processor suchas a single core or multi-core central processing unit (CPU) ormicro-processing unit (MPU). As explained above, the computer processormight be incorporated in a stand-alone apparatus or in a multi-componentapparatus, or might comprise multiple computer processors which worktogether to perform such functionality. The computer processor orprocessors execute a computer-executable program (sometimes referred toas computer-executable instructions or computer-executable code) toperform some or all of the above-described functions. Thecomputer-executable program may be pre-stored in the computerprocessor(s), or the computer processor(s) may be functionally connectedfor access to a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium on whichthe computer-executable program or program steps are stored. Access tothe non-transitory computer-readable storage medium may form part of themethod of the embodiment. For these purposes, access to thenon-transitory computer-readable storage medium may be a local accesssuch as by access via a local memory bus structure, or may be a remoteaccess such as by access via a wired or wireless network or Internet.The computer processor(s) is/are thereafter operated to execute thecomputer-executable program or program steps to perform functions of theabove-described embodiments.

The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium on which acomputer-executable program or program steps are stored may be any of awide variety of tangible storage devices which are constructed toretrievably store data, including, for example, any of a flexible disk(floppy disk), a hard disk, an optical disk, a magneto-optical disk, acompact disc (CD), a digital versatile disc (DVD), micro-drive, aread-only memory (ROM), random-access memory (RAM), erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EPROM), electronically erasableprogrammable read-only memory (EEPROM), dynamic random-access memory(DRAM), video RAM (VRAM), a magnetic tape or card, optical card,nanosystem, molecular memory integrated circuit, redundant array ofindependent disks (RAID), a nonvolatile memory card, a flash memorydevice, a storage of distributed computing systems and the like. Thestorage medium may be a function expansion unit removably inserted inand/or remotely accessed by the apparatus or system for use with thecomputer processor(s).

This disclosure has provided a detailed description with respect toparticular representative embodiments. It is understood that the scopeof the appended claims is not limited to the above-described embodimentsand that various changes and modifications may be made without departingfrom the scope of the claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A laser-assisted oral surgery system comprising:a network including a tablet and a main laser computer; the networkconfigured to control a laser head including a laser; operating rangesfor laser parameters including average power, pulse width, energy, andpulse repetition rate; within the operating ranges, a subset of rangesto limit one or more of the operating ranges for performing a particularprocedure is presented for selection via a user interface; the subset ofranges defines a first therapeutic window; when a laser parameteroutlier that is outside the subset of ranges is selected, the tabletcalculates changes to one or more of the other laser parameters todefine and present via the user interface, in lieu of the firsttherapeutic window, a second therapeutic window; and, the laser operatedin accordance with the defined therapeutic window to perform theparticular procedure to create a gingival trough or flap; whereininfected tissue is ablated or denatured via selective photothermolysis.2. The laser-assisted oral surgery system according to claim 1 furthercomprising laser parameters sufficient to lase a pocket around animplant in a peri-implant mucositis or periimplantitis treatmentprocedure.
 3. The laser-assisted oral surgery system according to claim1 further comprising: laser parameters sufficient to create acircumferential or radial soft tissue, gingival, or mucosal trough orflap around an implant; and, the implant selected from a groupconsisting essentially of a titanium, titanium alloy, ceramic,cobalt-chromium alloy, or stainless steel; wherein the implant has ashape selected from a group consisting essentially of cylindrical,tapered, threaded, coated, smooth, textured, perforated, solid, orhollow.
 4. The laser-assisted oral surgery system according to claim 1further comprising: laser parameters sufficient for ablating ordenaturing inflamed soft tissue, infected soft tissue, erythematous softtissue, edematous soft tissue, hyperplastic soft tissue, ulcerated softtissue, degenerated soft tissue, bleeding soft tissue, suppurative softtissue or sloughing peri-implant soft tissue, including sulcularepithelium, junctional epithelium or keratinized tissue, via selectivephotothermolysis.
 5. The laser-assisted oral surgery system according toclaim 1 wherein laser parameters are controlled such that bioactivebacterial products including lipopolysaccharide endotoxins are ablatedvia irradiating circumferentially and radially the surface of theimplant.
 6. The laser-assisted oral surgery system according to claim 1further comprising: laser parameters sufficient to lasecircumferentially and radially to remove corrosion by-products oftitanium bearing oral implants, including corroded soluble debris, metaloxides, particulate debris or metal ions resulting from metaldissolution within diseased soft tissues.
 7. The laser-assisted oralsurgery system according to claim 1, further comprising: laserparameters sufficient to circumferentially and radially irradiatetitanium implant surfaces or threads to denature or ablatelipopolysaccharide endotoxins.
 8. The laser-assisted oral surgery systemaccording to claim 1 further comprising: tablet user inputs that allowselection of particular implants; the network configured to associateparticular laser parameters with a selected implant; and, implant laserparameters being stored in a network memory.
 9. The laser-assisted oralsurgery system according to claim 1 further comprising: a networkcommunication interface that interconnects the tablet and the main lasercomputer; the laser computer interconnected with the laser head; and,the laser head controlled by commands from the main laser computer;wherein tablet commands are passed to the main laser computer via thenetwork communication interface.
 10. The laser-assisted oral surgerysystem according to claim 9 further comprising: laser computer memoryconfigured to store a predetermined set of permissible laser parameters;wherein the permissible laser parameters are communicated to the mainlaser computer via the network communication interface.
 11. Thelaser-assisted oral surgery system according to claim 1, furthercomprising: additional therapeutic treatment windows, each such windowbeing associated with a particular procedure; and, each additionaltherapeutic treatment window defining allowable pulse durations, pulseenergies, and pulse repetition rates.
 12. A laser-assisted oral surgerysystem comprising: a laser head including a laser with laser parametersincluding pulse duration, pulse energy and pulse repetition rate; for aparticular procedure, a tablet defining a therapeutic window that isprocedure specific; the therapeutic window defined by ranges ofpermissible values for each laser parameter; when a user operates thelaser-assisted oral surgery system according to the ranges ofpermissible values the therapeutic window is not changed; and, when auser operates the laser-assisted oral surgery system with at least onelaser parameter that is outside a permissible value range, then at leastone other laser parameter is automatically changed by the tablet and analternate therapeutic window is created.
 13. A laser-assisted oralsurgery system comprising: a network including a tablet and a main lasercomputer; the network configured to control a laser head including alaser; for a particular procedure and for a particular optical fiberdiameter the tablet for determining a first therapeutic window and asecond therapeutic window; in the first therapeutic window, a firstgroup of permissible laser parameters including pulse duration, pulseenergy, and pulse repetition rate; ranges of values for each of thepermissible laser parameters of the first therapeutic window; selectionof an impermissible laser parameter value that is outside a range ofvalues of a corresponding permissible laser parameter of the firsttherapeutic window creates a second therapeutic window and a secondgroup of laser parameters including pulse duration, pulse energy, andpulse repetition rate; and, a laser energy delivery rate for theparticular procedure is determined by the laser parameter values in thefirst therapeutic window; wherein the selection of an impermissiblelaser parameter value causes the tablet to recalculate one or more ofthe second therapeutic window's other laser parameter values such thatthe laser energy delivery rate for the second therapeutic window isdetermined by the laser energy delivery rate of the first therapeuticwindow.
 14. The laser-assisted oral surgery system according to claim 13wherein depth measurements are taken at multiple sites around animplant, a sum of the depths multiplied by a constant is used to obtaina light dose in Joules and wherein about ⅔ of the light dose isadministered in a first laser application prior to lasing bone at a baseof a bony defect and prior to lasing a pocket tissue surface to adaptthe pocket tissue surface for tissue adhesion.
 15. The laser-assistedoral surgery system according to claim 14, wherein the remaining ⅓ ofthe light dose is administered during a second laser application.